Initial and final commit

HW1/LinkedListUtils.java

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+
+
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #1
+ * Implement the methods below according to the specification in the assignment description.
+ * Please be sure not to change the signature of any of the methods!
+ */
+
+public class LinkedListUtils {
+	public static void insertSorted(LinkedList<Integer> list, int value) {
+
+        if( list == null ) { return; } // Terminate if the list is null
+        if(list.size() == 0){
+            list.add(value);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int pointer = 0;
+
+        for(int i : list){
+            if( i > value ){ 
+                break;
+            } 
+            pointer++;
+        }
+        if(pointer == list.size()){
+            list.addLast(value);
+        }else{
+            list.add(pointer, value);
+        }
+    }
+	
+    public static int calcMinimum(ArrayList<String> list){ // Return the index of the minimum element on the Array
+        int i, j ;
+        for(i = 0; i < list.size(); i++){
+            for(j = 0; j < list.size(); j++){
+                if(j == i){
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if(list.get(i).compareTo(list.get(j)) > 0){
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if( j == list.size()){
+                return i; 
+            }
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+	public static void removeMaximumValues(LinkedList<String> list, int N) {
+        
+        if( list == null ){ return; }
+        if( N < 1 ) { return; } 
+        if( list.size() <= N ){ list.clear(); return; }
+
+        ArrayList<String> maxElements = new ArrayList<String>(N); 
+
+        for(int i = 0; i < N; i++){
+            maxElements.add(list.get(i));
+        } 
+
+        int maxVal, diff;
+        String str;
+
+        for(int i = N; i < list.size(); i++){
+            maxVal = 0;
+            str = list.get(i);
+            for(int j = 0; j < N; j++){
+                diff = str.compareTo(maxElements.get(j));
+                if(diff == 0){ // Break if string collision is detected
+                    maxVal = 0;
+                    break;
+                }
+                maxVal = diff > maxVal ? diff : maxVal; 
+            }
+            if(maxVal > 0){
+                maxElements.set(calcMinimum(maxElements), str);
+            }
+        }
+        list.removeAll(maxElements); // Remove all occurences of the elements in array from LL
+    }
+	
+	public static boolean containsSubsequence(LinkedList<Integer> one, LinkedList<Integer> two) {
+        if( one == null || two == null ){ return false; }
+        if( one.size() < two.size() || one.size() == 0 || two.size() == 0){ return false; }
+        int j;
+        for(int i = 0; i <= one.size() - two.size(); i++){
+            if(one.get(i) != two.getFirst()){
+                continue;
+            }           
+            for(j = 1; j < two.size(); j++){
+                if(one.get(i + j) != two.get(j)){
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if(j == two.size()){
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+	}
+}

HW10/ClassesDataSource.java

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+import java.util.List;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #10
+ * This is the empty implementation of the ClassesDataSource.
+ * Do not change the signature of the method.
+ * You do not need to implement or submit this code.
+ */
+
+public interface ClassesDataSource {
+
+	/*
+	 * Returns a List of the names of the classes 
+	 * that are being taken by the specified student.
+	 */
+	public List<String> getClasses(String studentName) ;
+
+}

HW10/FriendFinder.java

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+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #10
+ * Modify the method below so that it uses defensive programming.
+ * Please be sure not to change the method signature!
+ */
+
+public class FriendFinder {
+
+	protected ClassesDataSource classesDataSource;
+	protected StudentsDataSource studentsDataSource;
+
+	public FriendFinder(ClassesDataSource cds, StudentsDataSource sds) {
+		classesDataSource = cds;
+		studentsDataSource = sds;
+	}
+
+
+	public Set<String> findClassmates(Student theStudent) {
+		if(theStudent == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		if(theStudent.getName() == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+
+		if(this.classesDataSource == null) throw new IllegalStateException();
+		if(this.studentsDataSource== null) throw new IllegalStateException();
+		String name = theStudent.getName();
+		if (name == null) throw new IllegalStateException();
+	
+		// find the classes that this student is taking
+		List<String> myClasses = classesDataSource.getClasses(name);
+
+		if (myClasses == null) return null; 
+
+		Set<String> classmates = new HashSet<String>();
+
+		// use the classes to find the names of the students
+		for (String myClass : myClasses) {
+			// list all the students in the class
+			if(myClass == null) continue;
+			List<Student> students = studentsDataSource.getStudents(myClass);
+			if (students == null) continue;
+			for (Student student : students) {
+				if (student == null) continue;
+				if(student.getName() == null) continue;	
+				// find the other classes that they're taking
+				List<String> theirClasses = classesDataSource.getClasses(student.getName());
+				if (theirClasses  == null) continue;
+				// see if all of the classes that they're taking are the same as the ones this student is taking
+				boolean same = true;
+				for (String c : myClasses) {
+				if (c == null) continue;
+					if (theirClasses.contains(c) == false) {
+						same = false;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				if (same) {
+					if (student.getName().equals(name) == false && classmates.contains(student.getName()) == false) 
+						classmates.add(student.getName());
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+			
+		if (classmates.isEmpty()) { 
+			return null;
+		}
+		else return classmates;
+	}
+
+
+}

HW10/Student.java

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+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #10
+ * This class represents a student.
+ * Please do not change this code! Your solution will be evaluated using this version of the class.
+ */
+
+public class Student {
+	
+	protected String name;
+	
+	public Student(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+	}
+	
+	public String getName() {
+		return name;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+		if (this == obj)
+			return true;
+		if (obj == null)
+			return false;
+		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+			return false;
+		Student other = (Student) obj;
+		if (name == null) {
+			if (other.name != null)
+				return false;
+		} else if (!name.equals(other.name))
+			return false;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+}

HW10/StudentsDataSource.java

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+import java.util.List;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #10
+ * This is the empty implementation of the StudentsDataSource.
+ * Do not change the signature of the method.
+ * You do not need to implement or submit this code.
+ */
+
+public interface StudentsDataSource {
+
+	/*
+	 * Returns a List of students who are taking the specified class.
+	 */
+	public List<Student> getStudents(String className) ;
+	
+
+}

HW11/PlagiarismDetector.java

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+
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #11
+ * Improve the efficiency of the code below according to the guidelines in the assignment description.
+ * Please be sure not to change the signature of the detectPlagiarism method!
+ * However, you may modify the signatures of any of the other methods as needed.
+ */
+
+public class PlagiarismDetector {
+
+	public static Map<String, Integer> detectPlagiarism(String dirName, int windowSize, int threshold) {
+		File dirFile = new File(dirName);
+		String[] files = dirFile.list();
+		Map<String, Set<String>> filePhrases= new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
+
+		Map<String, Integer> numberOfMatches = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
+
+		for(int i = 0; i < files.length; i++){
+			filePhrases.put(files[i], createPhrases(dirName + "/" + files[i], windowSize));
+		}
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+			String file1 = files[i];
+			Set<String> file1Phrases = filePhrases.get(file1); 
+
+			for (int j = i; j < files.length; j++) { 
+				String file2 = files[j];
+				if (numberOfMatches.containsKey(file2 + "-" + file1) || file1.equals(file2)) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				Set<String> file2Phrases = filePhrases.get(file2); 
+
+				if (file1Phrases == null || file2Phrases == null)
+					return null;
+
+				int matches = findMatches(file1Phrases, file2Phrases);
+
+				if (matches > threshold) {
+					String key = file1 + "-" + file2;
+					numberOfMatches.put(key,matches);	
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return sortResults(numberOfMatches);
+	}
+
+	
+	/*
+	 * This method reads the given file and then converts it into a Collection of Strings.
+	 * It does not include punctuation and converts all words in the file to uppercase.
+	 */
+	protected static List<String> readFile(String filename) {
+		if (filename == null) return null;
+		
+		List<String> words = new LinkedList<String>();
+		
+		try {
+			Scanner in = new Scanner(new File(filename));
+			while (in.hasNext()) {
+				words.add(in.next().replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z]", "").toUpperCase());
+			}
+		}
+		catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			return null;
+		}
+		
+		return words;
+	}
+
+	
+	/*
+	 * This method reads a file and converts it into a Set/List of distinct phrases,
+	 * each of size "window". The Strings in each phrase are whitespace-separated.
+	 */
+	protected static Set<String> createPhrases(String filename, int window) {
+		if (filename == null || window < 1) return null;
+				
+		List<String> words = readFile(filename);
+		
+		Set<String> phrases = new HashSet<String>();
+		
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.size() - window + 1; i++) {
+			String phrase = "";
+			for (int j = 0; j < window; j++) {
+				phrase += words.get(i+j) + " ";
+			}
+
+			phrases.add(phrase);
+		}
+		
+		return phrases;		
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Returns a Set of Strings that occur in both of the Set parameters.
+	 * However, the comparison is case-insensitive.
+	 */
+	protected static int findMatches(Set<String> myPhrases, Set<String> yourPhrases) {
+
+		int matches = 0;
+		Set<String> smallText = myPhrases.size() < yourPhrases.size() ? myPhrases : yourPhrases;
+		Set<String> bigText = myPhrases.size() > yourPhrases.size() ? myPhrases : yourPhrases;
+		String[] smallTextOrdered = smallText.toArray(new String[smallText.size()]);
+		String[] bigTextOrdered = bigText.toArray(new String[bigText.size()]);
+		if (myPhrases != null && yourPhrases != null) {
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < smallText.size(); i++) {
+				for (int j = 0; j < bigText.size(); j++) {
+					if (smallTextOrdered[i].equalsIgnoreCase(bigTextOrdered[j])) {
+						matches++;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return matches;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * Returns a LinkedHashMap in which the elements of the Map parameter
+	 * are sorted according to the value of the Integer, in non-ascending order.
+	 */
+	protected static LinkedHashMap<String, Integer> sortResults(Map<String, Integer> possibleMatches) {
+		
+		// Because this approach modifies the Map as a side effect of printing 
+		// the results, it is necessary to make a copy of the original Map
+		Map<String, Integer> copy = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
+
+		for (String key : possibleMatches.keySet()) {
+			copy.put(key, possibleMatches.get(key));
+		}	
+		
+		LinkedHashMap<String, Integer> list = new LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>();
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < copy.size(); i++) {
+			int maxValue = 0;
+			String maxKey = null;
+			for (String key : copy.keySet()) {
+				if (copy.get(key) > maxValue) {
+					maxValue = copy.get(key);
+					maxKey = key;
+				}
+			}
+			
+			list.put(maxKey, maxValue);
+			
+			copy.put(maxKey, -1);
+		}
+
+		return list;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * This method is here to help you measure the execution time and get the output of the program.
+	 * You do not need to consider it for improving the efficiency of the detectPlagiarism method.
+	 */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    	if (args.length == 0) {
+    		System.out.println("Please specify the name of the directory containing the corpus.");
+    		System.exit(0);
+    	}
+    	String directory = args[0];
+    	long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    	Map<String, Integer> map = PlagiarismDetector.detectPlagiarism(directory, 4, 5);
+    	long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    	double timeInSeconds = (end - start) / (double)1000;
+    	System.out.println("Execution time (wall clock): " + timeInSeconds + " seconds");
+    	Set<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> entries = map.entrySet();
+    	for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : entries) {
+    		System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue());
+    	}
+    }
+
+}

HW11/corpus/bgt221.txt

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+
+The Curse of a Fatal Flaw
+Every highly tragic and dramatic figure has a fatal flaw that leads to his or her downfall. The character of Medea fits into this category perfectly. Excessive passion is what leads Medea to her destruction. Her love for Jason, her selfishness, and her rage are all factors of Medea's harmartia.
+First, the strongest factor contributing to Medea's fatal flaw is her love for Jason. During Jason's quest of searching for the Golden Fleece and meets the Princess of Colchis, Medea falls madly in love with Jason and runs off to lolcos with him. Medea and Jason get married and have two children. Medea's excessive love for Jason started showing when she killed his uncle, who was the king of lolcos at the time, so that Jason could take over the throne and rule. But his uncle's murder resulted negatively for Medea and Jason. They were forced to flee from lolcos to the kingdom of Corinth. Once in Corinth, Jason meets the king of Corinth's daughter. He leaves Medea and their two children and marries the princess. Because Medea is madly in love with Jason, Medea is crushed to find out that Jason has left her. Medea explains to the women of Corinth that, It has crushed my heart. Life has no pleasure left, dear friends. I want to die. Jason was my whole life; he knows that well (24). Therefore, Medea becomes outraged and over powered with excessive passion. 
+Secondly, Medea's selfishness provides power to her fatal flaw. Medea's selfishness is displayed through the act of killing her own two sons. Medea understands that the slaying of her children will make Jason miserable. During this time, the chorus recognizes her self-worship and states, O miserable mother, to destroy your own increase, murder the babes of your body! Stone and iron are you, as you resolved to be (56). Medea does not stop to think what pain she may cause to herself by murdering them. She is only concerned about her happiness that will be derived from Jason's grieving. Medea comes to the conclusion that it is worth the suffering just to see her ex-husband unhappy. Medea states, ...my pain's a fair price, to take away your smile (59). This exhibits Medea's selfishness by the slaying of her sons just to cause sorrow to Jason for her own pleasure. Therefore, selfishness contributes to Medea's harmartia.
+Medea's rage also leads to her fatal flaw of excessive passion. Her excessive passion, fed by rage, leads to Medea to do uncalled for acts of violence and murder. Medea kills Jason's uncle in lolcos for the reason that she wanted Jason to be the ruler. The murder of the princess of Corinth is another example of Medea's rage. Her passion drove her to poison clothing and send it to the princess. Not only is Medea proud that she killed her, but when the messenger tells her of the death of the princess, Medea responds by saying, ...But take your time now; tell me, how did they die? You'll give me double pleasure if their death was horrible (52). Also, the Nurse acknowledges Medea's rage. While in conversation with the tutor she says, She'll not relax her rage till it has found its victim (20). This proves to be true since Medea does not give up until she has made Jason miserable. These acts of murder show the wrath of Medea's rage. 
+In conclusion, Medea's fatal flaw of excessive passion is due to the three main reasons of her love for Jason, her selfishness, and her rage. These factors all contributed to the downfall of Medea's character.
+<br><br>
+Words: 607

HW11/corpus/bmu378.txt

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+
+Introduction
+MCI Worldcom new CEO Bernard Ebbers is changing MCI's old ways. The problem is that MCI before merging spent too much money on accommodations for senior management. The second problem is that MCI Worldcom is ignoring the wireless industry boom.
+Recommendation
+I recommend that MCI Worldcom should try to acquire a wireless company like Nextel or Airtouch to gain entry to the booming market. The company would become a better telecommunications business and establish significant market presence that would generate profitability.
+If MCI Worldcom doesn't acquire a wireless company, they should consolidate. Consolidating with GSM would provide MCI Worldcom with an almost nationwide wireless network. It would also give MCI Worldcom a clear advantage since it is a year and a half ahead than other companies in digital standards.
+MCI Worldcom must also reduce high costs. To cut costs, the company must first identify where costs can be eliminated or replaced with more economical substitutions. I would also recommend that if the company wants to reduce costs that the CEO should demonstrate his commitment to lowering costs by making himself as an example. I would not invest on MCI Worldcom stock. The company's market price has been trickling down lately. I think that if MCI Worldcom were part of the wireless market then it would improve revenues. Since they have ignored this opportunity, I feel that the company will fall behind because of failure to remain responsive to its customers and to changing market conditions.
+Current Strategy
+MCI Worldcom's new CEO Bernard Ebbers philosophy of slashing expenses and consolidating all traffic on a single network has been proved 67 times after buying 67 phone companies. He is now trying to do the same after merging with MCI by reducing carefree spending and avoiding leasing links from other companies for their phone and internet networks. He has reduced the company's workforce by laying off 2215 workers and plans to continue.
+He also has downgraded luxuries for executives such as corporate jets, first class seating and stays at expensive hotels. These luxurious accommodations have been substituted with low cost carriers, coach class and staying at Inns. Mr. Ebbers has also eliminated company cars for all executives except for himself and Chairman Bert C. Roberts Jr.
+He is also trying to change the organizational structure of MCI Worldcom by using the appropriate control and incentive systems to motivate employee behavior. The new CEO has offered all employees stock options. Stock options give employees the incentive to help improve company performance and to share in the profits that result. He is also implementing a control system that monitors spending by asking executives to submit monthly revenue statements.
+Bernard Ebbers personal lifestyle and down to earth attitude has also helped project the company's new culture by popping in employee offices to say hello, and wearing jeans and cowboy boots has made him popular among workers. Mr. Ebbers likes to eat in casual restaurants and currently lives in a double wide trailer home on his soybean farm.
+Ebbers ways of doing business have given results, MCI Worldcom reported fourth quarter revenues surged 14 %, to $8 billion for the combined companies, while net earnings hit $428 million after a loss in the year earlier period. The stock soared to 5.5 % that day, to $80.44. Ebber believes he can bring more results like this in the future and that this is only the beginning. MCI Worldcom currently wants to focus on the data and international services segments. MCI Worldcom's data business is expected to triple to $23.2 billion, by 2002. The company also plans to build its own communication networks overseas and boost international sales by 40 % to take market share.
+ANALYSIS OF MCI WORLDCOM
+The benefit of MCI Worldcom joining the wireless business segment is that it would become a stronger competitor for AT&T. The number of U.S. wireless customers has risen 25% in the past year to 69 million. By 2003 wireless will account for 15% of total communication minutes in the U.S.
+AT&T is planning to introduce a new bundle of services for corporate customers designed strategically to take advantage of MCI Worldcom's weak point in the wireless segment. The head of AT&T's corporate unit says that under the new plan they would be able to offer their business customers the same rate for wireless phones equal to long distance rates. Businesses account for 47% of wireless revenues in the U.S. market. Analysts expect these new plans offering bundles of services will increase the AT&T advantage. MCI Worldcom can only win from entering the wireless market. An acquisition or consolidation may dilute earnings but they clearly outweigh the risks.
+The investment strategy that MCI Worldcom is following is the profit strategy. MCI Worldcom is attempting to maximize their existing data and international fast growing segments. MCI Worldcom data business is expected to triple to $23.2 billion while AT&T data revenues are estimated at only $13.9 billion. MCI Worldcom is building their own communication networks overseas which gives the company a clear advantage. The profit strategy works only as long as competitive forces remain relatively constant. A company must be alert to threats from the environment and must take care not to become complacent and unresponsive to changes in it. MCI Worldcom's competitors are gaining market share in the profitable growing wireless segment. These are the changes in the telecommunications industry that MCI Worldcom is not responding to.
+The growth stage is the time for companies to consolidate existing market niches and enter new ones so they can increase market share. MCI Worldcom should follow the growth strategy, which clearly means wireless strategy. The growth strategy 's goal is to maintain it’s competitive position in a rapidly expanding market and to grow with the expanding market.
+<br><br>
+Words: 964

HW11/corpus/bmu385.txt

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+
+Once viewed as two separate disciplines, business and communication, have now meshed together to produce a hybrid business environment in which the everyday functions of business are intimately tied to communication (Pincus, 1997). Communication in the business world is imperative for success. This holds true for interpersonal communication, communication between management and staff, and for practically every other contact a business has, both within its own establishment and the outside world. 
+Effective communication is critical for the success of any organization. Through the use of proper communication skills, individuals will be better able to function as a group, thus allowing organizations to share information, analyze situations and to set goals (Nelton, 1995). Communicating properly among peers improves an individual’s all around skills. The more successfully a business functions the better it enables employees to perform jobs better. Managers pass on information and train subordinates more effectively, and in general a business has a better chance of profiting. In today’s turbulent economic environment and rapid technological change, communication is critical in allowing a business to deal with the restructuring of national and international economies, in preventing market saturation, and in allowing a business to deal with their competitors more effectively (Nelton, 1995, PG). Cushman and King (1997) have proposed the “high speed management” to describe this new business environment. They emphasize the importance of communication in this theory and conclude that:
+“In the final analysis it is the innovative, adaptable, flexible, efficient, and rapid use of information and communication which allows an organization to reorient rapidly and successfully in a volatile business environment.” 
+Another very important factor in the changing business environment is that of globalization (Nelton, 1995). It is very evident when we look at the current state of world affairs that our world is becoming a smaller place. We now have overnight delivery of packages, email communication and the ever so popular cellular communication. Globalization and increased international business can be directly attributed to mass media and mass transit. With new technologies such as videophone, Internet chat and Internet meeting rooms the thought of globalization becomes a reality for even the smallest of companies. The concept of globalization sometimes approaches this change as being one which either should or will result in a complete homogenization of culture and the formation of a unified global community. At the very least globalization will result in a number of distinct border cultures, which are hybrids of interacting cultures. What this means is that the savvy business person not only has to be prepared to communicate with those of his or her own culture but also with other cultures (Nelton, 1995). 
+Many obvious precipitators of this increased business contact between the world’s cultures can be attributed to this globalization phenomenon. One of the reasons is international agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement was initiated between the United States, Canada, and Mexico on January 1, 1994. This agreement referred to as the “trade agreement” has had a huge impact on exchange of material and cultural goods between the United States and other nations in North America as well as on the degree of business communication which occurs between these countries. Increased business diversity is not only occurring because of factors such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is also occurring because of a greater number of cultures within business itself. Women in the workplace are also making the work force more diversified and increasing the need for more effective communication skills (Nelton, 1995). 
+It is an acknowledged fact that conversational styles and communication skills vary between cultures and genders (Nelton, 1995). It has been noted regarding the increased business contact between cultures as a result of globalization; increased diversity in the workplace itself, whether through the presence of an increased number of cultures or through the presence of a greater number of women; businesses must now devote greater amounts of effort toward communication in recognition of the different communication styles which exist (Nelton, 1995). Deborah Tannen, author of “Talking from Nine to Five” states:
+“Each individual has a unique style, influenced by a personal history of many influences such as geographic region, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, occupation, religion, and age—as well as a unique personality and spirit (Nelton, 1995, PG)”.
+The North American Free Trade Agreement is even more important now because the businesses of United States and the Latin American countries are beginning to make greater efforts to understand these individual and cultural communication styles. They are accepting input as a two-way vehicle of exchange, which can be of direct economic and cultural benefit to each. By reducing or limiting trade barriers, this agreement has bolstered business activity between Mexico and the United States tremendously as well as between the United States and other Latin American countries. Each country is taking on certain aspects of the other, at least in certain sometimes poorly defined geographic and cultural areas.
+Communication skills play a large role in business from the time an applicant initially approaches the business for employment. In at least one study communication skills were weighed more heavily by potential employers than were grade point averages, degrees, or even technical skills in determining whether or not to hire entry-level applicants (Wardrobe, 1994). Correlations have been made between the level of communication skills and those who rate high in job performance (Scuder and Guinan, 1989). Oral communication skills have, in fact, been found to be the second most important job skill by the American Society of Personnel Administrators (Curtis, Winsor, and Stephens, 1989). 
+Even business colleges have begun to recognize the importance of communication skills in business success and many have begun to offer their own communication classes (Ober, 1987; Sorenson, Savage, and Orem, 1990). Right here in Beaverfalls, P.A, we have a fine business institute in Geneva College. Some feel that the emphasis on communication skills is still not enough however. Pinkard (1997), for example, reports that ninety-eight percent of those pursuing MBAs at Stanford University in 1996 complemented their coursework with only one workshop in communication. Pinkard and others criticize business programs as being inadequate in regard to imparting communication skills to their students and encourage the inclusion of many communications courses in business programs. In fact, only half of 215 MBA programs which Pinkard reviewed across the nation in 1995 required any sort of training in communications skills. In acknowledgment of this Pinkard (1997, PG) states:
+“As I see it, we’re barely halfway up the mountain. Way too early to hoist the flag and sip champagne. The truth is, according to many business employers and research, MBA graduates today are unprepared to enter a work place where the manager’s role is fast shifting from order-giver to team-builder”. 
+The situation is improving but slowly. Public speaking skills are gaining a particular emphasis in recognition of various studies, which identify public speaking as a crucial employment skill (Bowwman and Branchaw, 1988; Hyslop and Farris, 1984; Wentling, 1987; Wilmington, 1989). Mitchell, Scriven and Wayne (1990) report that public speaking skills are particularly crucial given that fifty-eight percent of new employees are expected to deliver at least one oral report of twenty minutes or less in the first six months of employment. The importance of improving communication skills in the business environment cannot be overestimated. Business success very simply revolves around effective communication both within a business and between representatives of that business and others on the outside. Many employees already have effective communication skills that they have learned through school or through their own personal efforts. Others, however, have a long way to go. Employers should develop ways to assess these skills and to provide appropriate training where necessary. 
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+Bowman, J. P., & Branchaw, B. P. (1988). Are we teaching communication skills for the next decade? Business Education Forum, 42, 17-18.
+Curtis, D. B., Winsor, J. L., & Stephens, R. D. (1989). National preferences in business and communication education. Communication Education, 38, 6-14.
+Cushman, Donald P. and Sarah Sanderson King. (1997). Communication and High-Speed Management. State University of New York Press. New York.
+Hyslop, D. J., & Faris, K. (1984). Integrate communication skills into all business classes. Business Education Forum, 38, 51-57.
+Mitchell, R. B., Scriven, J. D., & Wayne, F. S. (1990). An analysis of business recruiters’ assessment of the importance of verbal, nonverbal, and group interaction communication skills. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Business Communication International/National Convention, San Antonio, Texas.
+Nelton, Sharon. (1 Nov 1995). Face to face: by communicating the old-fashioned way - through talking and listening to customers and employees - companies are achieving new goals. Nation’s Business.
+Ober, S. (1987). The status of post secondary business communication instruction--1986 vs. 1982. Journal of Business Communication, 24, 49-59.
+Pincus, J. David. (1 Feb 1997). To get an MBA or an MA in communication?, Communication World.
+Scudder, J. N., & Buinan, P. J. (1989). Communication competencies as discriminators of superiors’ ratings of employee performance. Journal of Business Communication, 26, 217-229.
+Sorenson, R. L., Savage, G. T., & Orem, E. (1990). A profile of communication faculty needs in business schools and colleges. Communication Education, 38, 148-160.
+Wardrope, William J.-Bayless, Marsha L. (1 Feb 1994). Oral communication skills instruction in business schools. Journal of Education for Business.
+Wentling, R. M. (1987). Employability skills: The role of business education. Journal of Education for Business, 62, 313-317. 
+Wilmington, S. C. (1989). Oral communication for a career in business. 
+The Bulletin, 52, 8-12.
+<br><br>
+Words: 1583

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+
+Small business:
+In our definition we consider that business as a small business, which are registered with Government agencies and requires initial capital of 500,000,00,000. The turnover for a small business ranges from 25,00,000,00,000 and number of employees ranges from 5 depending upon the nature of business.
+Examples of small business in Pakistan:
+1. Nagori milk shop
+2. Time medico
+3. Almas dish washing powder
+4. Allahabad stores
+5. Kaybees
+Entrepreneur:
+An entrepreneur is someone who recognizes his opportunities. He raises the capital and other resources when needed and takes some or all the risk.
+1. An entrepreneur must have total commitment to his work
+2. To achieve success he requires lot of hard work.
+3. A good health is necessary for doing all the hard work.
+4. Self discipline. He should not deviate from his target.
+5. Originality of ideas
+6. Investment. To start the business he requires financial resources.
+7. An entrepreneur must have a need to achieve a success.
+8. He should be self-confident.
+9. Mental strength is very important for an entrepreneur.
+10. Relationship with people. How he interacts with customers, suppliers, and employees is very important characteristic.
+11. Recognition
+12. Ability to communicate with people and to understand how another person thinks is very important. 
+13. He should have technical knowledge of his business.
+14. He should have the ability to make quick and correct decisions.
+Entrepreneurs as a role model:
+1. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 237

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+
+PART 1 -INTRODUCTION
+Review Process
+On 29 September 1999, the Minister for Family and Community Services announced the Government's intention to review the Australian welfare system. The Minister appointed this Reference Group to consult with the community and provide advice to the Government on welfare reform. The Group's terms of reference and membership are at Attachment A to this report.
+In March this year the Reference Group released an Interim Report that outlined a new framework for a fundamental re-orientation of Australia's social support system and sought feedback from the Australian community.
+After the Interim Report was released, the Reference Group received over 300 written responses as well as verbal feedback from income support recipients, business and community representatives.
+This Final Report presents our medium to long term recommendations. In addition, we set out some initial steps, which could be taken in the development of a new Participation Support System.
+The Reference Group believes the full implementation of the new system may take a decade. Nevertheless, much can be done in the short term to improve the current system to encourage and facilitate participation.
+The Need for Fundamental Reform
+Trends
+Australia is in the midst of a profound economic and social transformation. The consequences of this transformation require us to re-think and re-configure our approach to social support. 
+Disappointingly, the current social support system may be failing many of those it was designed to help.
+Australia is in its eighth year of strong economic growth, yet joblessness, underemployment and reliance on income support remain unacceptably high. Disadvantage is also concentrated increasingly in particular segments of the population and in particular localities. These are not problems being faced by Australia alone; they are being experienced in many comparable countries.
+Over recent decades a variety of economic and demographic factors have combined to create the new and disturbing phenomena of ‘jobless families’ and ‘job poor communities’. These unequal outcomes have generated the unacceptable prospect that significant concentrations of economic and social disadvantage might become entrenched.
+In its analysis, the Reference Group focused on four trends (discussed more fully at Attachment B) that underpin the need for a bold change to our social support system:
+· A growing divide between 'job rich' and 'job poor' households. There is strong employment growth in some areas, but high rates of joblessness persist in many regions and localities. In addition, too many children live in families with no parent in paid work.
+· Labour market trends have brought changes in the balance between permanent full-time jobs and part-time and casual work, between male and female employment, between jobs in manufacturing and primary industry and jobs in service industries. Many of the new part-time jobs have been taken in households where there is someone already in employment, which contributes to the widening gap in the distribution of jobs. 
+· More people receive income support. Over the past thirty years, there has been a steady upward trend in the proportion of the workforce-age population receiving income support and other publicly provided assistance. Of special concern is the proportion of the population that depends on income support for the majority of their income. 
+· Job opportunities for less skilled workers have stagnated or declined, while technological change and the globalisation of industry and trade has increased the demand for highly skilled workers. This has been associated with a widening distribution of earnings.
+Entrenched economic and social disadvantage
+Without appropriate action now, Australia may be consigning large numbers of people to an intergenerational cycle of significant joblessness.
+Australia already has one of the highest levels of joblessness among families with children in OECD countries (OECD 1998). In June 1999, about 860,000 children lived in a jobless household.
+The available evidence suggests that children in families experiencing long term joblessness are more likely to rely heavily on income support as they grow up (Pech & McCoull, 1999). 
+Long term economic and social disadvantage has negative consequences for individuals, their families and the broader community. Lack of paid employment during the prime working years, and consequent reliance on income support, reduce current and lifetime incomes. 
+Participation in paid employment is a major source of self-esteem. Without it, people can fail to develop, or become disengaged from, employment, family and community networks. This can lead to physical and psychological ill health and reduced life opportunities for parents and their children.
+In recent times, an unequal distribution of employment gains has also seen neighbourhoods with higher employment and income levels improve their position relative to neighbourhoods with lower employment and lower average incomes (Gregory & Hunter 1995).
+Just as with jobless families, the problems facing job poor communities can be self-reinforcing. The most disadvantaged regions have poorer educational, social and transport infrastructure as well as reduced employment opportunities. Without intervention, the cycle of decline in disadvantaged areas may continue despite employment gains in the economy overall.
+Suitability of existing arrangements
+The current social support system has its origins in a fundamentally different economic and social environment when unemployment was low and generally short term and the most common family type was a couple with children and a principal male breadwinner. The growth of unemployment, the rising trend of lone parenthood and an aging population have made income support a less exceptional circumstance. 
+We have identified four particular shortcomings with the current social support system:
+· Service delivery arrangements are fragmented and not adequately focussed on participation goals for all people of workforce age.
+· There is an overly complex and rigid categorical array of pensions and allowances for people of workforce age.
+· There are inadequate incentives for some forms of participation and inadequate rewards for some forms of work.
+· The system does not provide enough recognition of participation. 
+Participation Support System
+Overview
+Central to our vision is a belief that the nation’s social support system must be judged by its capacity to help people participate economically and socially, as well as by the adequacy of its income support arrangements. 
+Australia’s social support system must do more than provide adequate levels of income support for people in need. It must ensure that people are actively engaged socially and economically, including in the labour force, to reduce the risk of long term social and economic disadvantage for themselves and their families. Many people will require support at different points in their lives and some may require it for longer periods. Whatever their circumstances, the social support system should seek to optimise their capacity for participation. 
+The Reference Group considers that a broad concept of economic and social participation can provide a positive underpinning for the Participation Support System. 
+This broad concept extends beyond the traditional focus on financial self-support and labour force status (employed, unemployed or not in the labour force) to recognise the value of the many other ways people can participate in society.
+It is not possible, and probably not desirable, to draw a clear line between those activities that could be classed as economic participation and those that constitute social participation. Paid work has social value and unpaid work has clear economic value. All activities that build relationships with others have both economic and social dimensions and should be encouraged and supported. 
+Social participation, valuable in itself, can also enable people to develop skills that may be transferable to paid employment. For some people, therefore, involvement in voluntary work of various kinds might be an appropriate component of an agreed strategy to develop their capacity for economic participation.
+This approach is intended to re-emphasise an important objective of our proposals for welfare reform – to achieve a more equitable distribution of employment, ensuring that long term jobless people are able to compete in the labour market. 
+There is a question as to when and in what circumstances people should be required to seek paid work. In our view it is reasonable to require people with capacity who are work-ready, are available for at least part-time work and have access to job opportunities to seek work that is suitable, having regard to their personal circumstances. We believe it is critical that a broader mutual obligations framework recognises, supports and validates voluntary work and caring, without prescribing any particular form of social participation.
+Objectives 
+Overall, our goal is to minimise social and economic exclusion. Australia’s success in doing this will be measured by the following three key outcomes:
+1 A significant reduction in the incidence of jobless families and jobless households.
+2 A significant reduction in the proportion of the working age population that needs to rely heavily on income support.
+3 Stronger communities that generate more opportunities for social and economic participation.
+Some of the factors that will be important in helping Australia achieve these outcomes fall outside our terms of reference. These include policies designed to support economic and employment growth and to avoid recessions. 
+Additional responsibilities for the whole community
+One of the important principles that underpin our approach to welfare reform is that there are social obligations that apply to everyone. Alongside a growing emphasis on individual choice, we must also recognise the importance of obligations and responsibilities. 
+Social obligations extend beyond individuals to corporate entities such as business enterprises and trade unions. Businesses, for example, have obligations to their customers, their employees, and the community at large, as well as to their shareholders.
+Meeting social obligations should not require purely altruistic behaviour or coercion from government and the regulatory framework. Social obligations, in general, confer substantial benefits on individuals and corporate entities. For example, enterprises benefit through employee morale, customer satisfaction and community respect, and a healthy social environment in which to operate. 
+The Reference Group has used the social obligations framework to develop a wide concept of mutual obligations. Obligations are reciprocal and they extend across the whole community, not just between government (on behalf of the community) and the individual in receipt of income support.
+The Reference Group believes that there are clear obligations on other parties – individuals, businesses and communities. These obligations need to be reflected in the design of the new system (see Part 2, Sections D & E).
+Business has an obligation to work with government, communities and individuals to generate more opportunities for economic participation. All these groups will need to be more active in identifying and developing opportunities for social participation.
+We are pleased to note the evidence that business organisations recognise the need for enterprises to take on social obligations (Centre for Corporate Affairs in association with the Business Council of Australia, 2000).
+One important method of meeting obligations to those in need is through social partnerships between business, government and community organisations. An advantage of social partnerships is that the providers of the associated training, counselling and work opportunities are in direct contact with those in need.
+For this reason, social partnerships, as well as mutual obligations, is one of the five features of the Participation Support System. Both of these features of the proposed system are underpinned by the concept of social obligations. 
+Mutual Obligations
+Our main reason for supporting a broad application of the mutual obligations concept is the long-term benefits for individuals, families and the wider community.
+The prospect of entrenched social exclusion faces only a small percentage of those who come into contact with the social support system. Most people will re-enter the paid workforce at an appropriate time through their own efforts or with minimal help.
+The stark reality is that those who most need assistance are often those who have few opportunities to participate and are often the least motivated to pursue them. For this reason, the new system must engage people more actively, and to be successful that engagement must be reciprocal. Consequently, the Reference Group believes that some form of requirement is necessary (see Part 2, Section D).
+In considering opportunities for economic and social participation, the Reference Group is mindful that some people in our community face structural or systemic barriers to participation, including discrimination and problems with access to appropriate services and support. Examples include:
+· Indigenous people who have the highest rates of joblessness and economic disadvantage in Australia. 
+· People with disabilities who can face physical access problems to services and the workplace, as well as attitudinal barriers. 
+· People of diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds can often face language barriers as well as differences in what is considered culturally appropriate.
+· Mature age people may sometimes be regarded as ready for retirement when they would rather remain economically active into their sixties or beyond. 
+· Parents and carers need employers who recognise that they may face some limitations on their availability for work and provide family friendly employment conditions. 
+While the Reference Group believes that our vision of a participation support system is sufficiently robust to cater to the holistic needs of individuals, we also recognise that some complementary strategies will be required to address particular structural or systemic issues. 
+Core issues
+A participation support system along the lines we propose will build on the many worthwhile initiatives and pilot studies undertaken over recent years by government, business and communities. Nevertheless, full implementation will involve fundamental changes that give rise to many important issues.
+In this report, the Reference Group deals with three central questions:
+· How should the current social support system be reformed to make it more effective in encouraging participation? Sections A, B & C in Part 2 of this document covering service delivery, income support, and incentives and financial assistance deal substantially with this issue.
+· What are the obligations of government, business, community and individuals? Section D of Part 2 covering mutual obligations deals with this issue.
+· How can more opportunities for economic and social participation be created for people receiving income support, especially those living in disadvantaged regions, beyond those factors that are largely outside our terms of reference such as the rate of economic growth? Sections D & E of Part 2, covering mutual obligations and social partnerships, deal with this issue.
+Five features of Participation Support
+The Interim Report there outlined five features of our proposed reforms. We remain convinced of the importance of all five. Each one of these is integral to our vision of a Participation Support System and they are mutually reinforcing. For our vision to be realised there will need to be progress in each of these areas. 
+· Individualised service delivery. Income support and related services will activate, enhance and support social and economic participation, consistent with individual capacities and circumstances. Service delivery will focus on meeting the needs of individuals and on helping them to identify and achieve participation goals. This will include greater emphasis on prevention and early intervention to improve people’s capacity for self-reliance over the course of their lives (discussed in Part 2, Section A).
+· A simpler income support structure that is more responsive to individual needs, circumstances and aspirations. We envision a dynamic and holistic system that will recognise and respond to people’s changing circumstances over their life cycle and within their own family and community context (discussed in Part 2, Section B).
+· Incentives and financial assistance to encourage and enable participation. Social support structures will ensure a fair return from paid work, while maintaining fair relativities between people in different circumstances, and take account of the additional costs of participation (discussed in Part 2, Section C).
+· Mutual obligations underpinned by the concept of social obligations. Governments, businesses, communities and individuals all have roles. Governments will have a responsibility to continue to invest significant resources to support participation. Employers and communities will have a responsibility to provide opportunities and support. Income support recipients will have a responsibility to take-up the opportunities provided by government, business and community, consistent with community values and their own capacity (discussed in Part 2, Section D).
+· Social partnerships are a key strategy for building community capacity to increase opportunities for social and economic participation. We have identified four processes through which social partners may work to enhance community capacity: community economic development, fostering micro-businesses, community business partnerships and social entrepreneurship (discussed in Part 2, Section E).
+Consultative Process and Feedback
+The Reference Group has drawn heavily on the views and expertise of the hundreds of people and organisations that made contributions during the development of both the Interim and Final Reports. 
+We advertised for public submissions prior to developing our Interim Report and received over 360 from individuals and organisations. We met with some 30 peak organisations - representing business, service providers and welfare organisations. 
+The Reference Group also sought community feedback on the Interim Report through:
+· Feedback questionnaires available on the Internet and distributed to all organisations and individuals who had made submissions prior to the development of the Interim Report. 
+· A series of commissioned focus groups with income support recipients.
+· A series of commissioned focus groups with representatives of the community sector, employer and business peak bodies, academia and government.
+· Bilateral meetings with key peak bodies and their officials.
+· Participating in public discussions at conferences, meetings and seminars.
+We were encouraged by the degree of community interest in and debate about our Interim Report. 
+Feedback from organisations and individuals revealed three main perspectives on the Reference Group’s argument that Australia’s social support system must be judged on its capacity to help people access opportunities for economic and social participation, as well as the adequacy of income support:
+1. Poverty alleviation through provision of secure and adequate income support should be the pre-eminent goal of the social support system and the basis on which people would be able to participate socially and economically.
+2. Agreement with the view that the key goal of the social support system should be to help people access opportunities for social and economic participation. This perspective held that such a goal was related to citizenship and would enhance social cohesion while emphasising that adequate income support is also of fundamental importance.
+3. Equal importance should be placed on the twin goals of adequate income and participation because they are linked and need to be mutually reinforcing, although recognising that they could sometimes conflict. 
+While we have not attempted to assess what represents an adequate level of income support, we emphasise the importance of maintaining adequacy. We note the strong community feedback on this issue and the Government’s strong commitment to not reduce rates of payment.. Our recommendations seek to enhance and complement the existing social safety net. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 3082

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+
+On September 28, 1998, Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Arthur Levitt sounded the call to arms in the financial community. Levitt asked for, immediate and coordinated action… to assure credibility and transparency of financial reporting. Levitt’s speech emphasized the importance of clear financial reporting to those gathered at New York University. Reporting which has bowed to the pressures and tricks of earnings management. Levitt specifically addresses five of the most popular tricks used by firms to smooth earnings. Secondly, Levitt outlines an eight part action plan to recover the integrity of financial reporting in the U.S. market place.
+What are the basic objectives of financial reporting? Generally accepted accounting principles provide information that identifies, measures, and communicates financial information about economic entities to reasonably knowledgeable users. Information that is a source of decision making for a wide array of users, most importantly, by investors and creditors. Investors and creditors who are responsible for effective allocation of capital in our economy. If financial reporting becomes obscure and indecipherable, society loses the benefits of effective capital allocation. Nothing illustrates the importance of transparent information better than the pre-1930’s era of anything goes accounting. An era that left a chasm of misinformation in the market. A chasm that was a contributing factor to the market collapse of 1929 and the years of economic depression. An entire society suffered the repercussions of misinformation. Families, and retirees depend on the credibility of financial reporting for their futures and livelihoods. Levitt describes financial reporting as, a bond between the company and the investor which if damaged can have disastrous, long-lasting consequences. Once again, the bond is being tested. Tested by a financial community fixated on consensus earnings estimates.
+The pressure to achieve consensus estimates has never been so intense. The market demands consistency and punishes those who come up short. Eric Benhamou, former CEO of 3COM Corporation, learned this hard lesson over a few short weeks in 1996. Benhamou and shareholders lost $7 billion in market value when 3COM failed to achieve expectations. The pressures are a tangled web of expectations, and conflicts of interest which Levitt describes as almost self-perpetuating. With pressures mounting, the answer from U.S. managers has been earnings management with a mix of managed expectations. March of 1997 Fortune magazine reported that for an unprecedented sixteen consecutive quarters, more S&P 500 companies have beat the consensus earnings estimate than missed them. The sign of a quickly growing economy and a measure of the importance the market has placed on consensus earnings estimates. The singular emphasis on earnings growth by investors has opened the door to earnings management solutions. Solutions that are further being reinforced to managers by market forces and compensation plans. Primarily, managers jobs depend on their ability to build stockholder equity, and ever more importantly their own compensation. A growing number of CEO’s are recieving greater percentages of their compensation as stock options. A very personal incentive for executive achievement of consensus earnings estimates. Companies are not the only ones to feel the squeeze. Analysts are being pressured by large institutional investors and companies seeking to manage expectations. Everyone is seeking the win. Auditors are being accused of being out to lunch, with the clients. Many accounting firms are coming under scrutiny as some of their clients are being investigated by the SEC for irregularities in their practice of accounting. Cendant and Sunbeam both left accounting giant Arthur Anderson holding a big ol’bag full of unreported accounting irregularities. Auditors from BDO Seidman addressed issues of GAAP with Thing New Ideas company. The Changes were made and BDO was replace for no specific reason. Herb Greenberg calls the episode, A reminder that the company being audited also pays the auditors’ bill. The Kind of conflict of interests that leads us to question the idea of how independent the auditors are. All of these pressures allow questionable accounting practices to obfuscate the reporting process.
+Generally accepted accounting principles are intended to be a guide, not a procedure. They have been developed with intended flexibility so as not to hinder the advancement of new and innovative business practice. Flexibility that has left plenty of room for companies to stretch the boundaries of GAAP. Levitt focus’s on five of the most widespread techniques used to deliver added flexibility. Big Bath restructuring charges, creative acquisition accounting, Cookie Jar reserves, Immaterial misapplications of accounting principles and the premature recognition of revenues. These practices do not specifically violate the letter of the law, but are gimmicks that ignore the spirit and intentions of GAAP. Gimmicks, according to Levitt, that are an erosion in the quality of earnings and therefore the quality of financial reporting. No longer is this just a problem perceived in small corporations struggling for recognition. Throughout the financial community, companies big and small are using these tools to smooth earnings and maximize market capitalization.
+The Big Bath restructuring charge is the wiping away of years of future expenses and charging them in the current period. A practice that paves the way to easy future earnings growth by allowing future expenses to be absorbed by restructuring liabilities. Large one time charges that will be ignored by analysts and the financial community through a little convincing and notation. In note fifteen of the Coca-Cola company’s 1998 annual report shows seven nonrecurring items from the past three years. Fours of these charges are restructuring charges, most significantly in 1996 in this note.
+In 1996, we recorded provisions of approximately $276 million in selling, administrative and general expenses related to our plans for strengthening our world wide system. Of this $276 million, approximately $130 million related to streamlining our operations, primarily in Greater Europe and Latin America.
+These one time write-offs become virtually insignificant footnotes to the financial reporting process. Extraordinary charges that are becoming unusually common. Kodak has taken six extraordinary charges since 1991 and Coca-Cola has taken four in two years. The financial community has to wonder how unusual these charges are.
+Creative acquisition accounting is what Levitt calls Merger Magic. With the increasing number of mergers in the 90’s, companies have created another one time charge to avoid future earnings drags. The in-process research and development charge allows companies to minimize the premium paid on the acquisition of a company. A premium that would otherwise be capitalized as goodwill: and depreciated over a number of years. Depreciation expenses that have an impact on future earnings. This one time charge allowed WorldCom to minimize the capitalization of goodwill and avoid $100 million a year in depreciation expenses for many years. A charge hiding in this complex note on WorldCom’s 1996 annual financial statement.
+(1) Results for 1996 include a $2.14 billion charge for in-process research and development related to the MFS merger. The charge is based upon a valuation analysis of the technologies of MFS worldwide information system, the internet network expansion system of UUNET, and certain other identified research and development projects purchased in the MFS merger. The expense includes $1.6 billion associated with UUNET and $0.54 billion related to MFS.
+(2) Additionally, 1996 results include other after-tax charges of $121 million for employee severance, employee compensation charges, alignment charges, and costs to exit unfavorable telecommunications contracts and $343.5 million after-tax write-down of operating assets within the company’s non-core businesses. On a pre-tax basis, these charges totaled $600.1 million.
+The dollar amounts are staggering and the future implications far reaching. Since this approach was introduced by IBM in 1995 these charges have become commonplace for acquisition accounting. A popularity, largely due to the level of room allowed in research and development estimations.
+The Third earnings manipulation tool discussed by Levitt is what he calls Miscellaneous Cookie Jar Reserves. The technique involves liability and other accrual accounts specifically sensitive to accounting assumptions and estimates. These accounts can include sales returns, loan losses, warranty costs, allowance for doubtful accounts, expectations of goods to be returned and a host of others. Under the auspices of conservatism, these accounts can be used to store accruals of future income. Restructuring liabilities created by Big Bath’ charges also provides these Cookie jar reserve effect. Jack Ciesielski, who manages money and writes the Analyst’s Accounting Observer, calls these accounts the accounting equivalent of turning lead into gold… a virtual honeypot for making rainy-day adjustments. Various adjustments and entries that can produce almost any desired results in the pursuit of consistency.
+The statement of financial accounting concepts No. 2 (FASB, May 1980), defines materiality as:
+The magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgement of a reaonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement.
+Today’s management has started to ignore this fundamental principle. Materiality is being defined as a range of a few percentage points. Companies defend immaterial omissions by referring to percentage ceilings that draw a line on materiality. The amount falls under our ceiling and is therefore immaterial. The materiality gimmick is one more method companies are using to stretch a nickel into a dime. Simply put, In markets where missing an earnings projection by a penny can result in a loss of millions of dollars in market capitalization, I have a hard time accepting that some of these so-called non-events simply don’t matter, says Levitt.
+Finally, Levitt briefly touches on the complex issue of the manipulation occuring in revenue recognition. Modern contracts, refunding, delaying of sales, up front and initiation fees all add to the complications in some industries to follow specific rules of revenue recognition. With plenty of holes in revenue recognition the door is open for tweaking. Microsoft is a good example of the problems facing today’s companies. Concerned with proper revenue recognition, Microsoft started a practice in the software industry that allows companies to recognize revenue over a period of time. This recognition allows for better matching of revenues to future expenses generated by the sale of the software. Expenses such as upgrades and technical support are related to the revenue generated by the sale of the software but are incurred at a later date. The complexities of modern business transactions have left modern standards of accountancy years behind. Gimmicks, that all must be addressed by the financial community.
+The task of returning integrity to U.S. financial reporting is of paramount importance. The interests of our financial system are at stake. Arthur Levitt and the SEC stand ready to take appropriate action if that interest is not protected. But, a private sector response that… obviates the need for public sector dictates seems the wisest choice. A nine part plan that involves the entire financial community is proposed by Levitt.
+Levitt has made it very clear that the SEC is prepared to start forcing change. A line Levitt hopes will not be necessary to cross. The SEC will begin to issue guidance on a wide array of issues concerning the credibility and transparency of financial reporting. Guidance that must be acted on to Obviate the need for large scale SEC involvement. The SEC will also act more proactively in two of its traditional roles of information regulation and enforcement. First, the SEC will begin requiring companies to provide additional disclosure details on changes in accounting assumptions. Supplemental beginning and ending balances and adjustments of sensitive restructuring liabilities and other loss accruals will also be required. Secondly, the SEC is unleashing the dogs on companies using any practices that appear to be managing earnings. The gauntlet has been thrown, and it is up to the financial community to accept the challenge.
+FASB and other standard setting bodies have fallen behind a rapidly changing and evolving economic environment. FASB and the AICPA are being coercively encouraged to clean up auditing and disclosure practices. The pressure is on and standard setting bodies are scrambling to close the holes in GAAP. FASB has established committees to investigate a number of concerns and is diligently working toward solutions that obviate.
+Auditors and the public accounting industry received a good scolding from Levitt. Glaring failures in the auditing process at Sunbeam, Waste Management Inc., and Cendant have put the whole industry at risk of public solutions. The auditors have failed to be the watch dog of investors. It is time to clean up your industry. Criticism by the entire financial community has questioned the auditors, qualifications, methods and their ability to police themselves.
+Finally Levitt challenges corporate management, and investors to begin a cultural change. Change that resists the pressures to follow the leader in accounting chicanery. Investors are encouraged to set financial standards of integrity and transparency and punish those who depend on illusion and deception.
+American markets enjoy the confidence of the world. How many half-truths, and how much sleight-of-hand, will it take to tarnish that faith? With the shift away form company run pension plans everyone has become their own personal financial planners. What hangs in the balance is the future of us all.
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+Levitt, Arthur. Quality Information: The Lifeblood of Our Markets. Speech, 18 Oct. 1999.
+Fox, Justin, Searching for Nonfiction in Financial Statements, Fortune 23 Dec. 1996.
+Adams, Jane B. Remarks. Speech, 9 Dec. 1998.
+Ciesielski, Jack, More Second Guessing. Barrons.
+Johnson, Norman S. Recent Developments at the SEC. Speech. 20 August 1999.
+Fox, Justin. Learning to Play the Earnings Game (And Wallstreet will Love You). Fortune 31 Mar. 1997
+Greenberg, Herb, The Auditors are Always Last to Know, Fortune Investor 17 Aug. 1998.
+Melcher, Richard, Where are the Accountants. Business Week 5 Oct. 1998.
+Melcher, Richard and Sparks, Debra Earnings Hocus Pocus Business Week 5 Oct. 1998.
+Bartlett, Sarah, Corporate Earnings: Who Can You Trust Business Week 5 Oct. 1998.
+Turner, Lynn E. Continuing High Traditions Speech, 5 Nov. 1998.
+Turner, Lynn E. Remarks Speech, 10 Feb. 1999.
+Aeppel, Timothy Eaton’s Earnings Increase but Miss Analysts’ Forecasts 20 Oct. 1999.
+Tran, Khanh Excite At Home Posts Quarterly Loss Due to Charges but Meets Estimates 20 Oct. 1999.
+Bank, David Microsoft Earnings Exceed Expectations 20 Oct. 1999.
+<br><br>
+Words: 2169

HW11/corpus/bwa103.txt

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+
+WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED
+Life is a rat race. In order to succeed, one is required to stay in the front of the pack. To lead a happy, loving life, however, one must stop and smell the roses so the meaningful qualities in life don't pass you by. A prime example of a person who overlooks this aspect of life can be found in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Through Dr. Frankenstein, Shelley warns readers of the consequences of playing god and allowing business to take you away from the simple pleasures in life. As shown through him, too much knowledge and determination may not be what the doctor ordered. 
+Frankenstein illustrates god-like characteristics by creating a living creature. As a boy he was deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge (22), and obtained an eager desire to learn (23). This dedication and love for science he pursued led him to crave more and strive to go one step further than other scientists have in the past. Devoting his life to learning the sciences of the human frame, Frankenstein became capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter (37), and recognizes the chance to become the father of a new type of species he can take credit for. Ironically, Frankenstein's creature obtains the power to destroy his creator, along with all civilization. If God, the single perfect being, cannot create perfect life, how could an imperfect person possibly do it? Frankenstein is oblivious to the danger of his knowledge and to the citadel of nature (25) he will enter by becoming aware of the secrets of heaven and earth (23). Frankenstein travels down a dangerous path when he goes as far as to play God by exploring supernatural life and after his work is complete, he fearfully realizes that he not only created a new life, but with that life, he brought a new form of evil into the world.
+During the two years Frankenstein worked on his creation he became totally absorbed in his work which leads to neglect towards himself, his family, and the beautiful scenes of nature he, in the past, took pleasure in. Once he dived headfirst into his project, he showed no signs of coming up for air. Frankenstein puts his life on hold and seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit (39). In fear of an unsuccessful outcome, he ruthlessly works day and night trying to complete his work. In the process, he deprived [himself] of rest and health (42) and became pale and emaciated due to this lacking. Not only did he neglect his health, Frankenstein also overlooked his loving family who began to worry about him. Obviously [he] knew [his] silence disquieted them (40), but couldn't tear himself away from his work long enough to simply reply to their letters. Another pleasure Frankenstein tried to forget was the nature he had always found comfort in. However, not even the charms of nature (40) could break the force field isolating Frankenstein and his creation in the study. Once he realized all the pleasures he set aside due to the overwhelming desire he beheld for his work, Frankenstein began making excuses. He made himself believe that the passion and peace he felt towards his family and the beauties of nature stood as an obstacle in his path and would only disturb his tranquility (40). When you give up the things you love and the aspects of life that have always given pleasure to you, you risk losing them forever. Frankenstein became so caught up in his work he missed out on two years of his life. He never visited his family and it wasn't until after his work was done did he read a letter sent to him by Elizabeth updating him on everything that had gone on. After Frankenstein is aware of the monster he produced, he understands all he gave up and now regrets what he allowed his life to become.
+Getting caught up in the rat race led Dr. Victor Frankenstein to the terrible fate like had in store for him. All too late, he realizes that a truly happy man never losses sight of the important aspects he beholds. Also, understanding how dangerous the acquirement of knowledge (38) is and how his desire to go beyond the laws of nature led to the downfall of his life. It isn't until misery and destruction claim his soul does Frankenstein realize the problems he created by playing God and overlooking the simple pleasures in life. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 757

HW11/corpus/bwa104.txt

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+
+Novalee is unlucky. She's seven months pregnant, homeless and headed to California for an unknown reason. Her dreams of houses, family and love seem far away. Willy Jack wants money. He craves boozes, sex and freedom. He finds himself jobless, with a pregnant girlfriend, and a beat up Plymouth destined for California. In the Billie Letts novel, Where the heart is the American dream involves family, friends, and material goods. Both Novalee and Willy Jack are in search of their dreams, the success of which relies on the decision they make along the way.
+Family is an important part of Novalee's dream. Novalee's childhood was filled with sadness. Her mother deserted her when she was young and thereafter, she bounced between foster homes until she met Willy Jack. In Willy Jack, Novalee believes she finds love. To her disappointment she does not. However, she finds happiness the baby that they made. Her baby becomes center of strength and her good fortune. She ran her fingers across her navel and thought of the baby attached to the other side of it, imagining it could feel her touch so that it might even reach out to her. Page 53. Americus brings Novalee, the love and family she wants.
+Willy Jack sees family as an obstacle to pass in achieving his dream. He has a narrow view of his life. He desperately wants money and believes nothing else matters but it. Willy does not realize that he needs the love of others to help him through life. Willy passes up the option of family early on his quest for his dream. He deserts his pregnant girlfriend in the parking lot of a Wal-Mart. Leaving her with only $7.77 and the clothes she is wearing. She could see herself running, calling his name- the parking space was empty, the Plymouth gone. He was going to California and had left her behind… Page 16. Willy's desire for money compels him to ditch his family. 
+Novalee cherishes the help and support friends provide during her pursuit of the American Dream. Through the help and guidance of her friends she is able to excel all aspects of her life. From Moses, a strong, black photographer she is explores her creative flare. She gains respect from her community by winning the Greater Southwestern Kodak photography contest. “She was named Employee of the Week at Wal-Mart, the First National Bank sent a card of congratulations, and the art teacher at the high school asked her to come to his classes to speak.” Page 216. Novalee takes picture of her friends who helped her towards her dream, so she never forgets them. 
+Willy Jack uses his friends as tools, to achieve his dream. When Willy Jack is thrown in prison, his moneymaking ideas change. He decides he wants to become a country music star. With the help of the prison librarian he obtains a guitar, and performing experience. Shortly after his release from prison he meets Ruth Meyers. Ruth is a talent agent who sets Willy Jack on the path to stardom. However, Willy Jack’s greed over-powers his judgement. Behind Ruth’s back Willy Jack tries to bargain a deal with Johnny Desoto, a big time talent agent. ““Then I’ll get right to the point.” Willy Jack leaned closer to the table, his tone confidential. “I think Ruth Meyers has gone about as far with me as she can… She can’t make me rich.”” Page 256. Willy Jack soon learns that Ruth Meyers should not be toyed with. She learns of Willy Jack unfaithful ways, cancels his contract and proclaims he’ll never work in show business again.
+In search of material goods, Novalee dreams of a house for her family. Novalee does not wish for large mansions, extravagant cars or designer clothes. All she wants is house to keep her child safe and warm. Novalee dreamed of houses-two-story houses, log cabins, condominiums, ranch houses-anything fixed to the ground. She had never lived in a place that didn’t have wheels under it. Page 7. Novalee receives her house as a gift from her friend Sister Husband. 
+Willy Jack pursues enormous wealth at the sacrifice of his health. His first moneymaking scheme had him headed for California. Where he heard his cousin J. Paul had made a lot of money working for Union Pacific Railroad. However, J. Paul wealth was a workers compensation payment for the baby finger he lost while working. Willy Jack intended on sacrificing his baby finger as well. For Willy Jack, a southpaw, the little finger of his right hand was absolutely useless. And it was the one he would sacrifice, the one he intended to trade for greyhounds and race horses. Page 10. 
+Novalee achieves more in her life then she ever dreamed possible. She is able to because she is selfless and motivated by the love of her friends and family. Willy Jack never achieves his dreams of wealth. His failure is a result of the poor selfish decisions he makes along the way. Nonetheless, the end of the novel gives the reader a sense of hope for Willy Jack. He is able to admit he made bad decisions and most importantly he learns that happiness is found in his heart, not in his wallet. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 878

HW11/corpus/bwa105.txt

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+
+While reading Dr. King's novel, I was able to get an uncensored idea of what African Americans went through in their struggle for civil rights. I cannot comprehend the extent to which they suffered while protesting, and it would be ignorant of me to think that I could understand. The many people who fought with Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights understand something about this country that I am only beginning to discover. I can only hope this shameful part of our history is never repeated.
+I felt a sense of disgust and shame while reading about the events of the Civil Rights struggle in Birmingham, Alabama. I have always heard that they would used dogs and water hoses to push back crowds, but I always got the sense that it was some kind of chaotic protesting on the part of the African Americans. I cannot believe that people who live in a country based on freedom of speech and the other rights in the Constitution would try to stop peaceful protests and demonstrations in such a manner. How could people think that this kind of oppression was tolerable and that the blacks did not have a right and freedom to protest? 
+Part of me wanted to be there to help make a difference and join in the struggle, but part of me was also really afraid just by reading about the events in Birmingham. The people who protested with Dr. King showed a tremendous amount of courage and passion that could not be put out by fire hoses or dogs. I do not think that anyone, who has not been the victim of the extreme oppression that the blacks were victims of for hundreds of years, could understand why the civil rights movement was necessary at that time. Dr. King realized that you cannot wait for people to change their attitudes or beliefs, you have to help them see the error of their beliefs. It is easy for someone who is not being oppressed to tell you to wait. When you and your families are the victims of oppression and violence, you reach a breaking point when you realize that things need to change now. Dr. King had the courage to say that publicly, and people followed him in the struggle because of that courage. 
+When you believe in something that much nothing, not even death can stop the struggle. Even after Dr. King was assassinated, his legacy lived on. His legacy was something that was stronger than the racists' attitudes in this country and there was nothing they could do to stop his legacy. Our country has come a long way the events in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. Each day we come closer to being the country that Martin Luther King, Jr. envisioned, and I hope we get there soon. I look forward to the day that we can say as a country that oppression and racism were the biggest mistakes of our country and they are a thing of the past that shall never be relived by anyone.
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+King, Martin Luther. Why We Can't Wait
+<br><br>
+Words: 512

HW11/corpus/bwa129.txt

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+
+Pro's and Con's of
+James Harriots' Job as a vet
+Most people working in the medical field treat human patients, but one common medical field is 
+Complaining about his first experience in the country, James Herriot starts out his book saying, They didn't say anything about this in the books, I thought, as the snow blew in through the gaping doorway and settled on my back. No there wasn't a word in the books about searching for your ropes and instruments in the shadows; about trying to keep clean in a half bucket of tepid water; about the cobbles digging into your chest. Nor about the slow numbing of the arms, the creeping paralysis of the muscles as the fingers tried to work against the cows powerful explosive efforts. He clearly doesn't show any signs of enjoying his job, yet. Later on, on his way to Mr. Farnon, he remembers some of the horror stories told to him from experienced veterans, which had visited his college. One vet said, Never a night off or a half a day. He made me wash the car, dig the garden, mow the lawn, do the family shopping. But when he told me to sweep the chimney I left. And another remembers,  First job I had to do was pass the stomach tube on a horse. Got it into the trachea instead of the esophagus. Couple of quick pumps and down went the horse with a hell of a crash-dead as a hammer. That's when I started these gray hairs. By that time James was doubting whether or not being a vet was the best profession he could have chosen. 
+Deciding to stay a vet in the same city he quickly realized the problem of having to adapt to his new environment. One of the first he encountered was the ability to communicate properly with his customers. James, on the first day of work, while Mr. Farnon was out, had to deal with a customer on his own. Harriot had trouble understanding him due to the use of terms, to describe animal body parts, sickness, and diseases, which were made-up by farmers in that area. After the customer left (Harriot) returned thoughtfully to the sitting-room. It was disconcerting but I had listened to my first case history without understanding a word of it. There are many unexpected obstacles and difficulties which are going to come in his life time job as a vet. One of which he hates dearly is the fact that his job requires him to be able to be wide-awake and focused at any time, 24 hours a day 7 days a week. He got a call one night at 3:15A.M. to come help a farmer with his mane having trouble giving birth. He remembers,  My stomach contracted to a tight ball. This was a little bit too much; once out of bed in the middle of the night was bad enough, but twice was unfair, in fact it was sheer cruelty. I had had a hard day and had been glad to crawl between the sheets at midnight. I had been hauled out once at one o'clock to a damned awkward calving and hadn't got back till nearly three. What time is it now? Three fifteen. Good god, I had only had a few minutes' sleep. And a foaling! Twice as difficult as a calving as a rule. What a life! What a bloody awful life!
+A gentleman, back in the school days, told him  if you ever become a veterinary surgeon you will have a life of endless interest and variety. James thought that old chap was certainly wasn't kidding, variety. That was it variety.
+Variety is something you rarely get residing in the city. Every day you see the same buildings, go to the same office, meet the same people, and pretty much do the same work all year long. But as vet it's the extreme opposite. After a hard days work, Harriot wonders,  but then I might have been in an office with the window tight shut against the petrol fumes and the traffic noise, the desk light shining on the columns of figures, my bowler hat hanging on the wall. Living in the city doesn't come without its rewards. Even though you are a slave to the cities seemingly endless redundant, same way of life; it doesn't come without its rewards. 
+Having finished helping a lamb with its birth a little past midnight James tries  to keep out the black thoughts; about those people I knew who were still in bed and would only leave it when their alarm clocks rang; and they would read their papers over breakfast and drive out in their cosy banks or insurance offices. Maybe I should have been a doctor-they treated their patients in nice, warm bedrooms. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 812

HW11/corpus/bwa13.txt

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+
+The short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard
+Connell is about the hunter and the hunted but later in the story it
+becomes ironic because it turns into a game were the hunter becomes
+the hunted. It turns into a chase of competition and of survival. 
+Two sailors Rainsford and his partner Whitney sailed in to the
+darkness of the of sea. Their purpose was to hunt, they called it the 
+greatest sport. They were hunters and headed to the Amazon to hunt
+vicious animals such as Jaguars, and tigers.
+They sailed to an island called Ship-Trap Island. Sailors
+feared this island and had curious dread of such a scarry place. The
+sky was filled with darkness when suddently he heard Three gun
+shots that were fired, and heard them again and again. Then he heard
+a scream while smoking a pipe when suddently the pipe fell and as he
+tried to reach for it he whent down into the sea were the waves
+swallowed his screams.
+Nobody could have heard him as the ocean swallowed his
+screams and the only chance of survival was to swim. Rainsford
+swam towards the screams and ended up in the Island. He walked on
+the shoreline and later found a place that looked like a mansion.
+There he met General Zaroff who bought the island to hunt. He was
+indeed a sporstman who invented a new sensation of the hunting
+game. His game was to train those men who's ships were wrecked
+and ended up in that island, and then provide them with food and a
+knife for three days. Once they were trained they were led out into
+the island as a head start while Zaroff chase after them and tried to
+hunt them down. If They survived during those three days they had
+won the game and they were let free but in the other case if they were
+found they were killed.
+Zaroff never lost the game so if one of the men being hunted
+was about to survive he would release the hounds to chased after
+them. Rainsford rested and the next morning had a dispute with Zaroff
+and told him that this hunting style was to brutal. In this argument
+Zaroff got mad and at this point in the story Raisford became the
+hunted. He was let loose into the island were he was to prepare
+himself for the most dangerous game of his life, the survival of the
+fittest.
+The first night was panicking and worried Rainsford as he
+hidded on top of a tree. The next day he set up a trap but Zaroff
+did'nt fall for it and he almost got caught when Zaroff was right next to
+the bushes were Rainsford was hiding. the last day he set up a pitfall
+and while Zarroff and his servant were serching, his servant
+unfortunately fell into the pit. Rainsford got out of the Island trying to
+escape by swimming out into the ocean and swam back to the
+mansion and when Zaroff returned Rainsford switched the game
+around and proposed him to become the hunted.
+I like this short story because Rainsford was wise in making
+traps wich allowed Zaroff to take more time trying to find him and did
+them successfully wich helped him survive those three days. I also
+liked how the story ended it was kind of ironic the way Rainsfored
+changed the game around and became the hunter and Zaroff became
+the hunted. I thought it was a good idea because this way Zaroff
+would realise that his game of hunting people was wrong and this
+would teach him a lesson. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 612

HW11/corpus/bwa130.txt

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+
+White Oleander, a dramatic fiction by Janet Fitch, was published by Little, Brown and Company in Boston. The story is about a mother and daughter, Ingred and Astrid have a very unusual relationship. Ingred loves her daughter but never asks her what she thinks so therefore doesn't know her daughter too well. Such as she does not know of her daughter's yearning for a father. 
+Ingred makes it very clear that she will not allow herself to get close to a man. She is a very brilliant, beautiful poet, who is adored by a man named Barry Kolker. He goes to all of her readings, and asks her out each time. One of the times Barry invites her to go to the Gamelan, an orchestra. Loving the Gamelan, she accepts. Her and Astrid join Barry, and they begin talking more. They start going out more, but each time she makes and stands by regulations, such as he will invite her to eat after an event where they had not planned on eating and she will refuse, because she doesn't like to get attached to men, and doesn't want to spend anymore time than she had already allotted. 
+All of a sudden, her rules start diminishing. One time, there was a knock at her door, and it was Barry. She thought to herself, 'how dare he just come without an invitation?'. When she opened the door (a knife in her hand), he had a bottle of wine, and bag of something that smelled good. To Astrid's surprise she did something least expected. She invited him in. One night Barry said he would be over to her house at 9 and never showed. So the next day, Ingred showed up unannounced at Barry's and she went inside and they made love. Immediately after, he told Ingred she had to leave because he had a date coming. She wanted to seek revenge. She started showing up at every place he was at. She broke into his house. He tried to go to her house and make her stop the nonsense. He tried forcing his way in her house, and she stabbed him in the hand. He left, and the next day she went to his house, where she found he had changed the locks. She broke in and placed white oleanders in his milk, oyster sauce and cottage cheese, and one in his toothpaste. She made an arrangement of white oleanders on his table, and scattered blooms on his bed. A police officer came to Ingred's house, and told her that Barry is accusing her of breaking and entering, and trying to poison him. She calmly stated that Barry is angry with her. She broke up with him and that he couldn't get over her. Ingred and Astrid took trip to Tijuana and Ingred bought a bottle of medicine called, DMSO, which helps drugs absorb through your skin (DMSO helps nicotine patches work), and uses that to poison him. He dies. Ingred is eventually placed in jail, leaving Astrid to jump from foster home to foster home. 
+Her first foster home is with a mother named Star. Star is a busty, and leggy, ex-coke addict turned Christian. Star has a boyfriend named Ray, and Astrid falls in love with him. Astrid, 13, has an affair with the 40-something Ray. Star gets jealous of their friendship and gets suspicious. One day, Star comes in, in a drunken rage and shoots Astrid. Astrid is immediately removed and placed in a second home, the home of Ed and Marble Turlock. At this home, she was treated like a slave. She was forced to clean and baby-sit, and was never shown any affection, and was never introduced to anyone. Astrid makes friends with a black neighbor, named Olivia Johnston, who the prejudiced Marble condemns a hooker. When Marble finds that Astrid is friends with her, Marble beats her up, and she once again gets moved, which she finds out at school, with her bags already packed for her, and no chance to say good-byes. 
+The third house, was a big, beautiful estate. Amelia, the foster mother took in girls as slaves, and when she would leave, she would lock the refrigerator, and there was only one phone which no one could use. Astrid was starving, and began digging through the trash cans at school, when someone caught her and made fun of her, she stopped going to school. She started pan handling at liquor stores so she could get change to call her case worker to tell her what had been happening. She finally got a hold of her and was removed from that home.
+She is then sent to the home of Claire and Ron. Claire couldn't have children and loved Astrid as her own. She was behind Astrid all the way with her goals, like drawing and painting. Claire, however, had psychiatric depression and suspected Ron of cheating on her. It got too hard on Claire, and she committed suicide. This had been the longest time Astrid had been in a home. Ron had a business and it had been his idea to adopt Astrid, so that Claire wouldn't be lonely. When Claire killed herself, Ron couldn't take care of her. 
+She was sent to to a shelter where she meets a guy named Adam and they become good friends. She gets adopted by a woman named Reina where there are no rules, but a very dysfunctional house, where, they would drink and do drugs, which Astrid begins to do, too. For survival, Reina and the girls collect and sell belongings like an everyday yard sale. Throughout this time, Astrid keeps in touch with Adam. She turns 18 and decides to leave. She moves in with Adam in New York, and they fall in love. Astrid learns to forgive her mother, and she finally is getting to have a normal life, and put the past behind her.
+This is an extremely well written book, that will leave you feeling the same emotions as Astrid, from confusion, to terror, to despair, and finally to a restored feeling of hope. I would recommend this book to anyone who likes good dramas. This book is a real page-turner, which leaves you wondering what is going to happen next.
+<br><br>
+Words: 1050

HW11/corpus/bwa131.txt

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+
+Title: Rainbow Six
+Author: Tom Clancy 
+# Of pages: 740
+Characters: John Clark an ex Navy Seal, and two other characters Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the captain of team two. There are two other insignificant characters Clark’s wife sandy and is daughter Patsy Who is married to Ding, Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dimitriy Arkadeyevich Popov; he is an ex KGB agent who is now working as a “special consultant”. He will become a very important character later in the story. The boss (sorry I forgot his name) owner of a multi-national Pharmaceutical company all around bad guy.
+Plot: Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; team one and team two. These teams are the best there is. They are based in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run three miles in twenty minutes, every mourning at six am. Only one team is on-call at a time. The team that is not on call will be doing live fire practices. In the first six months of being operational they are called on three times. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists taken control. They also have a hostage. Team two successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed (he had already been killed before they got there). The first mission helps to organize them and fix a few holes in there planning.
+The second mission is in Germany; an international trader is taken hostage in his mansion. This mission goes too well, thanks to the snipers. No hostage deaths, but all the terrorists are killed. 
+The last mission is they are called upon is in Spain, where a team of terrorists take an amusement park and thirty children. They demand their leader, a man named Jackal be released from prison (he was the guy who took the Swiss bank). So to take them down they use a program to disable their cellular phones, their way of communicating, they kill the terrorists one by one till there all dead. Only one child is killed by the terrorists.
+In the meantime while this is happening, an American hires the ex-KGB agent Popov, now freelance. Popov is hired to get people to do the job in Switzerland, the bank taking, and the taking of the International trader in Germany. The person that has hired him is the Boss, owner of a multi-national pharmaceutical company that has deals with extremely deadly viruses. The Boss is extremely wealthily. Popov is living in New York he is flying back and fourth from Europe to organize these things.
+Popov in an attempt to figure out who is thwarting the operations watches the surveillance tapes and notices the same man smoking a cigar after each take down. He puts two and two together and comes to the conclusion that the same team was involved in each mission. Popov goes and tells the Boss, who though his numerous connections (one of them being Bill Henriksen leader of Global security). The Boss finds out that the team was Rainbow Six. This worries him because they could get in the way of his ultimate goal (you’ll find out his plans later). So he has Popov fly to Ireland and hire some of the IRA to attack the Rainbow Six base in Hereford, England. They Agree to do it for a handsome fee and some weapons.
+The IRA men decide to go after Clark’s wife and daughter, since they are the easiest targets. They are successful in kidnapping Sandy and Patsy out of the hospital they work at. They use them to lure both the Rainbow Six teams out and try to stop them. Their goal is to take out five Rainbow Six members, enough to disable them, but they made the same mistake the men in Spain did they used Cell phones to communicate. So when the Rainbow Six team used their scramblers to disable the phones they began to fall apart. Eventually it came down to the IRA using the hostages as Bargaining tools to get away, but they were talked into surrendering by the team psychologist. Most of the IRA people were killed and the leader was badly injured, so before he slipped into unconsciousness he told them who hired him. The Rainbow team traced it to Popov, but they couldn’t catch him he was already back in New York.
+During this time Global security gets a contract from the Australian government, because they are about to host the Olympics.
+The whole point of the Boss having these operations done is to get the Australian government thinking about getting a Security consultant to Olympics safe (Global security). The only is that the Australians also asked for a Rainbow Six team to be there too. but the Boss tells Henriksen to go ahead with his plans.
+The Boss’s plans were to release a virus in the Olympics and kill the entire population of the plant off except for a few hundred radicals in Brazil. Why? Because the Boss and his radicals were extreme environmentalists and they believed that the human race was killing the planet, and they were the only people that could save the planet and treat it well. But when Popov finds out about the Boss’s plans he goes strait to Clark and tells him about it. So the Rainbow team goes and raids the compound and destroys the virus. The Boss had fled to the rainforest with the radicals, they were left naked in the rainforest but they could not be tried in any court for various reasons that I cannot remember.
+Personal reaction: This book was extremely well written, giving you clues as to what is happening as it goes along. I found that he character development was done very well, you could relate to the characters and understand them and what they were going to do next. But what made this book really great was the way the plot slowly expands and just the main idea of the plot makes you think, what if?
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+sorry none
+<br><br>
+Words: 1039

HW11/corpus/bwa133.txt

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+
+To Kill A Mockingbird
+Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many
+centuries.
+Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United
+States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of
+much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other
+groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from
+others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of
+people with differences.
+Some who are discriminated against are those who are born
+differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is
+Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire
+Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasn't a good enough female role
+model (p.136). This is a prejudice action, because Calpurnia is as good
+as a role model as Aunt Alexandra, if not better. Aunt Alexandra is a
+bigot and doesn't see the character of Calpurnia, just the color of her
+skin. Another person who is treated like an inferior is Scout by her
+teacher, because she knew how to read. She discovered that I was
+literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. (p.17). Scout
+is treated like it is her fault that she knows more than the average child
+did. She learned earlier than others so she gets punished unjustly. Tom
+Robinson is also one who is discriminated by a biased community. Tom is
+found guilty by the jury in his case against the Ewells (p.211). The
+guilty verdict is a direct result of a racist community. Tom was never
+given a fair chance in the trial, even though that the evidence was
+proving him innocent. People that are born differently often get
+mistreated and are discriminated against.
+Another group that is treated poorly in the society based on
+bigotry, are the people who have chosen to be different. One who chose to
+be different is Dolphus Raymond. He pretended to be drunk so no one gave
+him any trouble on the way that he lived his life (p.200). The way a
+person lives should be there own personal business. He has the right to
+live differently than others if he feels that is the way he wants to live. 
+Another person that lives differently is Boo Radley. Boo stayed inside
+his house for a number of years without ever coming out to interact with
+others. He didn't want attention that would come from the rumors that
+were said about him. Stories were made up about him and he felt it was
+best for him to stay inside. The people who chose to be different took a
+risk of being made outcasts of the majority of the society.
+The final group that was made to feel different was the group that
+defended and protected the minorities and the wrongfully treated people. 
+Atticus was a good example of one who defended the different by defending
+Tom Robinson in his case. Atticus had integrity that gave him the
+strength to endure the ridicule that arose from his decision to defend a
+black man in a segregated area. Atticus was threatened and his children
+were treated poorly by their peers, because he had the courage to stand up
+for the oppressed. Sheriff Tate defends the different when he says, I
+never heard tell that it's against the law for a citizen t do his utmost
+to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did, but
+maybe you'll say it's my duty to tell the town all about it and not hush
+it up. (p.276). Sheriff Tate is trying to protect Boo from the attention
+that could frighten him. The sheriff is doing the right thing by hiding
+the truth from the community. By defending the different, people take a
+chance of being known as strange or inferiors to the rest of the people
+that they are around.
+Throughout the story, people that are unlike the majority, get
+hurt. They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to
+survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there
+are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to
+realize that character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a
+Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are
+not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be
+going at it all wrong.
+<br><br>
+Words: 751

HW11/corpus/bwa136.txt

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+
+“When The Legends Die”
+Novel/Movie Contrast
+Joe McNew
+June 8, 2000
+The book, “When the Legends Die”, was pretty good. Then some idiot had to 
+go and make a movie out of it. In contrasting the two, I found alot more
+differences than similarities. 
+The first similarity came when Blue Elk came and took Thomas Black Bull to
+the reservation. Tom had trouble with the kids as in the book. Brother Bear was
+chained up and eventually Tom took him back to the woods and left him just as
+Tom did in part I of the book. Of course, Red Dillion was a jerk in both the movie
+and the book, although the book illustrated a better image in the reader’s mind. 
+There were quite a few things the two had in common but the differences
+outnumber the similarities.
+I am not going to attempt to represent every difference but I wil give a few
+examples. For instance, we first see Tom, or any characters for that matter, after
+George and his mom dies. The movie represents Tom as older, during his rodeo
+days. In the book, during Red and Tom’s 2 fight, he only knocks him down but in
+the movie he beats him up really bad. He goes home with the nurse but in the
+book he does nothing of that sort. So far he hasn’t gone for the bear yet but we’re
+not finished yet.
+The book had alot going for it and I thought that it was much better than the
+movie. The movie was a horrible experience and is probably the only time I wished
+my teacher wouldn’t have shown it. Usually, I like the movie better than the book
+but this was the exception. Whoever made this movie should be charged with
+murder (of the book). The movie missed alot of the key points.
+The movie was interesting and did illustrate some things better than the
+book. It did an excellent job of show Tom’s transitiion from rags to riches. In
+addition, the movie moved alittle faster which made it more exciting. I believe that
+it did a better job when Tom actually ditched Red and got into the big tournament. 
+Both had their strong points.
+The book was better...way better. This is a good example of why a movie
+shouldn’t be made from a book or at least a person may want to consider skipping
+the movie if they really liked the book. Although, the movie was better in some
+areas overall I would definitely recommend the book over the movie. In conclusion,
+movie = F book = A.
+<br><br>
+Words: 436

HW11/corpus/bwa137.txt

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+
+To Kill A Mockingbird - Chapters 18-19
+Summary
+Mayella testifies next, a reasonably clean nineteen-year- old girl who is obviously terrified. She says that she called Tom Robinson inside the fence that evening and offered him a nickel to break up a dresser for her, and that once he got inside the house he grabbed her and took advantage of her. In Atticus' cross-examination, Mayella reveals that she has seven siblings to care for, a drunken father, and no friends.
+Then Atticus examines her testimony and asks why she didn't put up a better fight, why her screams didn't bring the other children running, and--most importantly--how Tom Robinson managed the crime with a useless left hand, torn apart by a cotton gin when he was a boy. Atticus begs her to admit that there was no rape, that her father beat her. She shouts at him and calls the courtroom cowards if they don't convict Tom Robinson, and then bursts into tears refusing to answer any more questions. In the recess that follows, Mr. Underwood notices the children up in the balcony, but Jem tells Scout that the newspaper editor won't tell Atticus-- although he might include it in the social section of the newspaper.
+The prosecution rests, and Atticus calls only one witness--Tom Robinson. Tom testifies that he always passed the Ewell house on the way to work, and that Mayella often asked him to do chores for her. On the evening in question, she asked him to come inside the house and fix a door. When he got inside, however, there was nothing wrong with the door, and he noticed that the other children were gone. Mayella told him that she had saved her money and sent them all to buy ice cream, and then she asked him to lift a box down from a dresser. When he climbed up on a chair, she grabbed his legs, scaring him so much that he jumped down. Then she hugged him around the waist, and asked him to kiss her. As she struggled, her father appeared at the window, calling Mayella a whore and threatening to kill her, and then Tom fled.
+Link Deas, Tom's white employer, stands up and tells everyone that in eight years of work, he has never had any trouble from Tom. Judge Taylorexpels him furiously from the courtroom for interrupting; then Mr. Gilmer gets up and cross-examines Tom. The prosecutor points out that the defendant was once arrested for disorderly conduct, and gets Tom to admit that he has the strength, even with one hand, to hold a woman down and rape her. Then he begins to badger the witness, asking about his motives for always helping Mayella with her chores, and getting him to admit that I felt right sorry for her. That doesn't go over well in the courtroom-- black people are not supposed to feel sorry for a white person. Mr. Gilmer goes over Mayella's testimony, accusing Tom of lying about everything. Dill begins to cry and Scout takes him out of the courtroom. 
+Commentary
+If Bob Ewell is villainous, his daughter is pitiable, and their miserable existence almost allows her to join the novel's parade of innocent victims--she, too, is (up to a point) a kind of mockingbird. Lee's presentation of Mayella emphasizes her role as victim--her father beats her and possibly molests her, while she takes care of the children and so lacks kind treatment that when Atticus calls her Miss Mayella,she accuses him of making fun of her. She has no friends, and Scout seems justified in thinking that she must have been the loneliest person in the world. Even Atticus pities her. Mayella's victimization is marred by her attempt to become a victimizer, to destroy Tom Robinson in order to cover her shame. We can have no real sympathy for Mayella Ewell--whatever her sufferings, she inflicts worse cruelty on others.
+Pity must be reserved for Tom Robinson, whose honesty and goodness render him supremely moral. Unlike the Ewells, he is hardworking, honest, and has enough compassion to make the fatal mistake of feeling sorry for Mayella Ewell, a white girl. His story is clearly the true version of events: the story leaves no room for doubt, a detail that a number of critics find unconvincing. But equally clearly he will be a martyr. We are spared much of Mr. Gilmer's cross-examination when Dill's crying takes Scout out of the courtroom (he is still a child, who responds to wickedness with tears), but the small sample that Scout hears is enough. To the racist mind, Tom (called boy by the prosecutor) must be lying, must be violent, must lust after white women--because he is black.
+To Kill A Mockingbird - Chapters 20-22
+Summary
+Outside the courtroom, Dill complains to Scout about how Mr. Gilmer treats Tom Robinson. As they walk, they encounter Mr. Dolphus Raymond, the rich white man with the colored children, drinking from a paper sack. He commiserates with Dill, and offers him a drink, which turns out to be Coca-Cola. Mr. Raymond tells the children that he pretends to be a drunk to provide the other white people with an explanation for his lifestyle when in fact, he simply prefers black people to whites.
+When Dill and Scout return to the courtroom, Atticus is making his closing remarks. He has finished going over the evidence, and now makes a personal appeal to the jury. He points out that the prosecution has produced no medical evidence of the crime and instead is relying on the shaky testimony of two unreliable witnesses; moreover the physical evidence suggests that Bob Ewell, not Tom Robinson, beat Mayella. Then he offers his own version of events, describing how Mayella, lonely and unhappy, committed the crime of lusting after a black man, and then concealed her shame by accusing him of rape after being caught. Atticus begs the jury to avoid the state's assumption that all black people are criminals, and to deliver justice by freeing Tom Robinson.
+As soon as Atticus finishes, Calpurnia comes into the courtroom and hands him a note telling him that his children have not been home since noon. Mr. Underwood says that Jem and Scout are in the colored balcony, and have been since just after one in the afternoon. Atticus meets them outside, and tells them to go home and have supper. They beg to be allowed to hear the verdict, and their father says that they can return after dinner, but the jury will probably return by then. They eat quickly and return to find the jury still out, the courtroom still full. Evening comes, night falls, and the jury continues to deliberate; Jem is confident of victory, and Dill has fallen asleep. Finally, after eleven that night, the jury enters. Scout remembers that a jury never looks at a man it has convicted, and the twelve men do not look at Tom Robinson as they file in and deliver a guilty verdict. The courtroom begins to empty, and as Atticus goes out, everyone in the colored balcony rises in a gesture of respect.
+Jem spends the rest of the night in tears, railing against the injustice of the verdict. The next day, Maycomb's black population delivers an avalanche of food to the Finch household. Outside, Miss Stephanie Crawford is gossiping with Mr. Avery and Miss Maudie, and she tries to question Jem and Scout about the trial. Miss Maudie rescues the children by inviting them in for some cake. Jem complains that his illusions about Maycomb have been shattered: he thought the people were the best in the world, but having seen the trial, he doesn't think so. Miss Maudie points out that there were people who tried to help, like Judge Taylor, who appointed Atticus instead of the regular public defender; and that Atticus' keeping the jury out so long was actually a sign of progress. As the children leave her house, Miss Stephanie runs over to tell them that Bob Ewell accosted their father that morning, spat on him, and swore revenge. 
+Commentary
+Mr. Dolphus Raymond's presence outside the courtroom is appropriate: like Miss Maudie, he does not belong inside with the rest of the town, because he does not share their guilt. Mr. Raymond is a harsh realist, and while he shares Dill's outrage, he is too old to cry. In a way, Mr. Raymond is describing himself: he is an unhappy figure, a good man who has turned cynical and lost hope. You haven't seen enough of the world yet, he tells Scout. You haven't even seen this town, but all you gotta do is step back inside the courthouse.
+To Mr. Raymond, Maycomb's racist side is the real Maycomb. Atticus, less embittered, seems to hold out hope for the town--his eloquent closing argument is devoid of despair. Rather, he speaks to the jury with confidence and dignity. Even after the verdict has been handed down, there is a sense that progress has been made, in some small way--as Miss Maudie puts it, I thought to myself, well, we're making a step--it's just a baby-step, but it's a step.
+Jem, however, doesn't see things that way. Scout is bewildered by the verdict, but is resilient and retains her positive view of the world. Her brother is crushed: his illusions about justice and the law have been shattered. In a way, he is as much a mockingbird, an innocent victim, as Tom Robinson, but the Ewells do not take his life: they take his childhood and his youthful idealism.
+To Kill A Mockingbird - Chapters 23-25
+Summary
+Bob Ewell's threats are worrisome to everyone except Atticus. He tells his children that because he made Mr. Ewell look like a fool, the other man needed to get revenge, and now that Ewell has that vengefulness out of his system, he expects no more trouble. Aunt Alexandra and the children remain worried. Meanwhile, Tom Robinson has been sent to another prison seventy miles away while his appeal winds through the court system. Atticus feels his client has a good chance at being pardoned, but if no, he will go to the electric chair, as rape is a capital offense in Alabama.
+Jem and Atticus discuss the justice of executing men for rape, and then the subject turns to jury trials, and how twelve men could have convicted Tom. Atticus tells his son that in an Alabama court of law, a white man's word always beats a black man's, and that they were lucky to have the jury out so long. In fact, one man on the jury wanted to acquit-- amazingly, it was one of the Cunninghams. This makes Scout want to invite young Walter Cunningham to dinner, but Aunt Alexandra expressly forbids it, telling her niece that the Finches do not associate with trash.
+Scout is furious, and Jem hastily takes her out of the room. In his bedroom, Jem reveals his (minimal) growth of chest hair, and tells Scout that he is going to try out for the football team in the fall. Then they discuss the class system, and why their aunt despises the Cunninghams, and why the Cunninghams look down on the Ewells, who hate black people, and so on; they fail to come up with an explanation for the absurdity of it all.
+One day in August Aunt Alexandra invites her missionary circle to tea. Scout, wearing a dress, helps Calpurnia bring in the tea, and her aunt invites her to stay with the ladies. Scout listens to the missionary circle discuss the plight of the poor Mrunas, a benighted African tribe being converted to Christianity, and then talk about how their own black servants have been badly behaved ever since the trial. Miss Maudie shuts them up, and suddenly Atticus appears, calls his sister, Scout, and Miss Maudie out of the meeting with the news that Tom Robinson has been shot attempting to escape. He goes to tell the Robinson family, and Alexandra asks Miss Maudie how the town can allow her brother to do this to himself. Maudie says that the town trusts him to do right, and then they return to the missionary circle, managing to act as if nothing is wrong.
+A few days later, Jem tells his sister how Atticus pulled him and Dill away from fishing to accompany him to Helen Robinson's house, and how Helen collapsed at the news. Meanwhile, the news occupies Maycomb's attention for about two days, and everyone agrees that it is typical for a black man to do something irrational like trying to escape. Mr. Underwood writes a long editorial condemning Tom's death as the murder of an innocent man, and the only other important reaction comes when Bob Ewell is overheard saying that the death makes one down and about two more to go. 
+Commentary
+Atticus advises Jem to stand in Bob Ewell's shoes, echoing to advice he gave Scout earlier in the novel. Here, however, Atticus' attempt to understand another human being fails: he makes an honest mistake in his analysis by failing to understand the depth of Ewell's anger toward him. Aunt Alexandra is more insightful; she says a man like Ewell will do anything to get revenge. Her comments seem typical of her tendency to stereotype those people who are different from the Finches, but her analysis is correct. For all her faults, Aunt Alexandra's stereotypes give her a good understanding of Maycomb County's people.
+Both Jem and Scout are forced to face the adult world in these chapters. Jem and Atticus discuss the judicial system in Maycomb County for much of Chapter 23; the conversation is an education for Jem in the realities of the jury system. Atticus describes the difficulty of changing laws, getting anyone but country people to sit on a jury, ensuring the secrecy of a jury vote, and allowing women to sit on Alabama juries. Finally, he reveals that one of the Cunninghams on the jury wanted to acquit Tom--a further indication that the world is not black and white.
+Scout, meanwhile, draws closer to her Aunt. The older woman's refusal to have Walter Cunningham to dinner pulls them apart, but the missionary tea party reveals the better side of Aunt Alexandra. The scene brilliantly portrays the hypocrisy of the Maycomb ladies: Mrs. Merriweather's large brown eyes always filled up with tears when she considered the oppressed (in Africa), Scout notes, yet the same woman can complain that there's nothing more distracting than a sulky darky. In the wake of the tragedy of Tom Robinson's death (which Mr. Underwood's editorial compares to the senseless slaughter of songbirds, an obvious reference to the novel's title), however, the tea party becomes an opportunity for the Finch women to display moral courage by maintaining a public facade of composure.
+To Kill A Mockingbird - Chapters 26-27
+Summary
+Dill leaves, school starts, and the children pass the Radley Place every day. They are too old to be frightened by the house, but Scout still wishes wistfully to see Boo Radley just once. Meanwhile, the shadow of the trial still hangs over her. One day in school, her third-grade teacher, Miss Gates, lectures the class on the wickedness of Hitler's persecution of the Jews, and on the virtues of equality and democracy. Scout listens, and later she asks Jem how Miss Gates can preach equality when she came out of the courthouse after the trial and told Miss Stephanie Crawford that it was about time someone taught the blacks in town a lesson. Jem becomes furious, and tells her to never mention the trial to him again; Scout, upset, runs to Atticus for comfort.
+In the first two months of fall, Bob Ewell gets a job with the WPA, one of the Depression job programs, and loses it a few days later. He blames Atticus for getting his job. A few weeks later, Judge Taylor is home alone and hears someone prowling around; when he goes to investigate, he finds his screen door open and sees a shadow creeping away. Then Bob Ewell begins to follow Helen Robinson to work in Mr. Link Deas' fields, keeping his distance but whispering obscenities at her. Link Deas finds Ewell and threatens to have him arrested if he doesn't let Helen alone, and she has no further trouble. But these events worry Aunt Alexandra, who points out that Ewell seems to have a grudge against everyone connected with the case.
+That Halloween, the town sponsors a party and play at the school to avoid the unsupervised mischief of the previous Halloween, when two old sisters had their house burglarized and all their furniture hidden in their basement. The play is an agricultural pageant in which every child portrays a food: Scout wears a wire mesh shaped to look like ham. Both Atticus and Aunt Alexandra are too tired to attend, so Jem takes Scout over to the school. 
+Commentary
+These chapters are marked by a mood of mounting mischief. They begin with a reference to the Radley Place, the source of childhood terrors that no longer terrify--Boo Radley was the least of our fears, Scout comments, in the wake of the trial and Bob Ewell's threats. The Radley Place is part of the past, now, although the narrator still expresses a fond wish to see him someday, and remembers their near-encounters with Boo during summers past. These memories restore Boo Radley to the reader's consciousness, which has been occupied with the trial for most of Book Two, and the restoration provides foreshadowing for Boo's appearance a few chapters later.
+Meanwhile, the after effects of the trial continue to loom. Bob Ewell's various attempts at revenge--stalking Helen Robinson, breaking and entering--are sinister, and the fact that he has not yet attempted anything against the Finches only increases the sense of foreboding. Atticus remains confident in his own safety, but this confidence begins to seem like wishful thinking more than anything else.
+Meanwhile, the incident involving Miss Gates reveals the extent to which Jem remains affected by the trial. Scout retains her faith in the basic goodness of others, and so her teacher's obvious hypocrisy confuses her. Jem, meanwhile, has become disillusioned, and when Scout tries to talk to him about Miss Gates, he says he never wants to discuss the trial or courthouse again. Bob Ewell's threats are not the only dark cloud hanging over the Finch household: the injustice of the trial has changed Jem irrevocably for the worse.
+Summary
+It is very dark on the way to the school, and Cecil Jacobs jumps out and frightens them. Scout and Cecil go together around the crowded school, visiting the haunted house (in a 7th grade classroom) and buying homemade candy. The pageant looms, and all the children go backstage. Unfortunately, Scout falls asleep, misses her entrance, and runs onstage at the end, prompting Judge Taylor and many others to burst out laughing. The lady in charge of the pageant accuses Scout of ruining it, and Scout is so ashamed that she and Jem wait backstage until the crowd is gone before they make their way home.
+On their walk back, Jem hears noises behind them. They think it must be Cecil Jacobs, trying to frighten them again, but when they call out to him, they hear no reply. They walk faster, and have almost reached the road when their pursuer begins running after them. Jem screams for Scout to run, but in the dark, hampered by her costume, she loses her balance and falls. Something tears at the metal mesh, and she hears struggling behind her. Then Jem breaks free and drags her to the road before their assailant pulls him back. Scout hears a crunching sound and Jem screams; she runs toward him and is grabbed and slowly squeezed. Suddenly her attacker is pulled away, and then she realizes that there are four people under the tree. Once the noise of struggling has ceased, Scout feels on the ground for Jem, finding only the prone figure of an unshaven man who smells of whiskey. She stumbles toward home, and in the light of the streetlight she sees a man carrying Jem toward her house.
+When she reaches home, Aunt Alexandra is already calling Dr. Reynolds. Atticus calls Heck Tate, telling him that someone has attacked his children. Aunt Alexandra removes Scout's costume, and Atticus tells her that Jem is only unconscious, not dead. Then Dr. Reynolds arrives and goes into Jem's room; when the doctor emerges he says that Jem's arm is broken, and he has a bump on his head, but will be all right. Scout goes in to see her brother; the man who carried him home is in the room, but she does not recognize him. Then Heck Tate appears and tells Atticus that Bob Ewell is lying down in the street, dead, with a knife in his chest.
+Scout tells them what she heard and saw, and Heck Tate shows her costume with a mark on it where a knife slashed and was stopped by the wire. When she gets to the point in the story where Jem was picked up and carried home, she turns to the man in the corner and really looks at him for the first time. He is pale, with torn clothes and a thin, pinched face and colorless eyes, and Scout realizes that it is Boo Radley.
+She takes Boo--Mr. Arthur--down to the porch, and they sit on the swing and listen to Atticus and Heck Tate argue. Heck insists on calling the death an accident, and Atticus, thinking that Jem killed Bob Ewell, does not want his son protected. The sheriff corrects him--Boo killed Ewell, not Jem, and Boo does not need the attention of the neighborhood brought to his door. Tom Robinson died for no reason, Heck says, and now the man responsible is dead: let the dead bury the dead.
+Scout takes Boo up to say goodnight to Jem, and then she walks him home. He goes inside his house, and she never sees him again, but for a moment she imagines the world from his perspective. Then she goes home, and finds Atticus sitting in Jem's room, and he reads one of Jem's books to her until she falls asleep. 
+Commentary
+The night of the pageant is laden with foreshadowing, from the pitch darkness, to Cecil Jacobs' attempt to scare them, to the sense of foreboding that grips Aunt Alexandra just before they leave. The pageant itself is an amusing depiction of small- town pride, as the lady in charge spends thirty-nine minutes describing the exploits of Colonel Maycomb, the town's founder, and the reader can visualize the parade of meats and vegetables crossing the stage, with Scout, just awake, hurrying after them as the audience roars with laughter.
+After this scene, the children's walk home is taken in a mood of mounting suspense, as the noise of their pursuer is first heard and assumed to be Cecil Jacobs, only to have it rapidly become clear that they lie in mortal danger. The attack is all the more terrifying because it takes place so close to their home, in a place assumed to be safe, and because Scout (in her costume) has no idea what is happening.
+Boo Radley's entrance takes place in the thick of the scuffle, and Scout does not realize that her reclusive neighbor has saved them until she has reached home; even then she assumes him to be some countryman. When she finally realizes who has saved her, the childhood phantom has become a human being: His lips parted into a timid smile, and out neighbor's image blurred with my sudden tears. 'Hey, Boo,' I said.
+After Boo's unveiling, all that remains of the story is Heck Tate's decision to say that Bob Ewell fell on his knife, sparing Boo the horror of publicity. The title of the book and its central theme are invoked, as Scout says that exposing Boo to the public eye would sort of like shootin' a mockingbird. Then she takes him home, and Atticus' admonition to step into someone else's shoes is also invoked, as Scout suddenly sees the world through Boo's eyes. The novel ends here, and the reader is offered no details of Scout's future, except that Boo is never seen again. We have a sense, however, that the story has embraced her entire childhood, and Scout thinks that they have not much more to learn, except possibly algebra.
+<br><br>
+Words: 4100

HW11/corpus/bwa138.txt

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+
+Subject: English --Book Report/Review (See I Told You So, Rush Limbaugh)
+It is not very often that a person has his own national television show,
+radio show, and two books that have been on the New York Times Best Seller
+List. Rush Limbaugh happens to be one of these unique people, his radio
+show is popular, his television show has the largest audience for a program
+of its type and his new book is one of the best of its kind. Limbaugh always
+backed up his comments with facts or statistics. While the book was
+informative and factual, it was also very humorous. See, I Told You So was
+definitely a conservative use of 363 pages.
+Without question, Rush Limbaugh is a spokesperson for a conservative
+majority within the United States. His book follows what he says on his
+radio and television programs, which is a conservative and republican view on
+issues. A few of the things he stresses in his book are that conservatives
+are the silent majority and President Clinton cannot ruin this country in
+four years. Although he stresses that conservatives are the majority, he
+says that liberals are trying to regain control by forcing the public schools
+get rid good things like the Bible and competition, and replace them with
+Outcome-Based Education. Most importantly, we need to motivate people to
+pursue excellence and not feel sorry, pity and coddle underachievers.
+While the purpose of his book is to express these views, he also covers
+many other topics from the environment, to Dan's Bake Sale. The spectacle
+was enough to drive a stake through the heart of liberalism (p.101), says
+Rush Limbaugh about Dan's Bake Sale. Sixty-five thousand people flocked to
+Fort Collins, Colorado for what was called Rushstock '93. This all started
+as a quest for Dan Kay to make $29.95 for a subscription to The Limbaugh
+Letter and escalated to a full day event that even Limbaugh attended.
+While Rush Limbaugh discusses many different controversial and serious
+issues, he manages to make it entertaining. He makes these serious issues
+amusing by sarcastic comments and pionting out the irony in government today.
+Parts of the book are made for just entertainment like the Politically
+Correct Liberal Dictionary and the Lies, Lies chapter in which Limbaugh
+backs up his theory that, the Clinton administration, has cataloged an
+avalanche of false hoods with 7 pages of Clinton's major contradictions.
+Rush Limbaugh makes many controversial comments throughout his book, but
+instead of just commenting, he supports what he says. An example is, when he
+talks about the environment. He uses references to scientific studies, other
+than just speculating. Limbaugh states, Most scientists say a supernova
+340,000 years ago disrupted 10 to 20 percent of the ozone, causing sunburn in
+prehistoric man.... Man has never done anything close to the radiation and
+explosive force of a supernova.... if prehistoric man merely got a sunburn,
+how are we going to destroy the entire ozone with our air conditioners and
+under arm deodorants and cause everybody to get cancer.... (p.178) 
+I thought this book was very intresting. I attribute this sucesss to the
+fact that rarly has there been a radio/TV commentator who consistently makes
+sense on so many subjects: taxess, environmentalism, animal rights, crime,
+education, the inner cities, extreme feminism, government regulation and
+Congress. See, I Told You So is a serious and important book, but Rush
+Limbaugh, whatever your opinion of his politics, is an marvelous entertainer.
+<br><br>
+Words: 578

HW11/corpus/bwa139.txt

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+
+If you like books like The Firm or The Chamber then this is the book for you. It has a great mix of suspense, action and drama. Its about a young man named Rudy Baylor who had aspirations of breezing through law school, graduating, and having a rich and prosperous future waiting for him. But after graduating the company that had hired him as a student was forced into a merger and the new owners don’t want to have anything to do with him. It looks as if the whole world is crashing down on him, except for one case, one chance to pull himself away from being just another sleazy lawyer taking garbage cases that fall like scraps from the corporate bigshot’s tables. Its an insurance dispute that has left a family broken and devastated and has also opened the door for a lawsuit, if only Rudy can find a licensed lawyer to file it for him. When he finally gets to court he finds himself face to face with Drummond, the leader of a big time corporate defense team. He’s thrown into a nightmare of lies and cover-ups that have hung like a dark cloud over Great Benefits, the insurance company being sued. What started as a small dispute is quickly expanding into a million dollar legal war with the most trusted and respected insurance company in America. Its a case that puts Rudy in great danger, but if he wins he would be the most popular lawyer in America.
+“I go to my apartment to load the last of my things into the car. The cleaning service was in yesterday so the house is temporarily without the smell of mildew. Its ready for Miss Birdie. I write Miss Birdie a long letter promising to call. Check the house once again and drive to a branch bank and close my savings account. A stack of 28 one hundred dollar bills has a nice feel to it, I hide it under the floor-mat. Its almost dark when I knock on the Blacks’s front door. Dot opens it, and almost smiles when she sees its me. The house is dark and quiet, still very much in mourning. I doubt if it will ever change. Buddy’s in bed with the flue. Over instant coffee I gently break the news that Great Benefits has gone belly up, and that she’s been shafted once more. Barring a miracle far off in the distance, we wont get a dime. 
+Continued on the next page...
+I’m not surprised at her reaction. There appear to be several complex reasons for great benefits death. But right now its important for Dot to think that she pulled the trigger. Her eyes gleam and her entire face seems happy as it sinks in. She put them out of business. One little, determined woman from Memphis Tennessee bankrupted them “sons of bitches.” 
+She’ll go to Donnie Ray’s grave tomorrow and tell him about it. Kelly is waiting anxiously at Robin’s when I pull up. We hold hands as we walk quickly to the car, and we drive away. “Dear, which direction?” I ask when we get to the interstate loop that circles the city. We laugh at this because it is so absolutely wonderful. It doesn’t matter where we go. “I’d like to see mountains” she says. “Me too, East or West?” “Big Mountains.” “Then West it is.” She cuddles closer and rests her head on my shoulder. We cross the river and enter Arkansas. The Memphis skyline fades behind us. Its amazing how little we’ve planned for this. Her bond was canceled at only three this afternoon. We’ll settle in a place where no on can find us. I don’t wanna hear about Deck and Bruiser. I don’t wanna hear about the fallout at Great Benefits. I don’t want Miss Birdie calling me for legal advice. I don’t wanna worry about Cliff’s death and everything related to it. Kelly and I will talk about it one of these days, but not any time soon. We’ll pick a small collage town because she wants to go to school. She’s only twenty, I’m still a kid myself. We’re unloading some serious baggage here and its time to have fun. 
+I’d love to teach History in high school, it shouldn’t be hard to do, after all I have seven years of collage. I will not under any circumstances have anything whatsoever to do with the law. I will allow my license expire. I will not register to vote so they cant nail me for jury duty. I will never voluntarily set foot in another court room. We smile and giggle as the land flattens and the traffic lightens. Memphis is twenty miles behind us, I vow never to return.” 
+This excerpt may seem a little excessive but I feel that it captures the true spirit of the character, Rudy Baylor. It was also my favorite part of the novel. No, not because it was the end, but because it kind of made me stop and think. About how a person can spend most of their lives thinking that something is right for them only to end up down the road realizing that is was the wrong decision. After all that Rudy went through to win the case, to beat the other lawyers and to stop a company that was doing wrong he was able to just give it all up. That was truly touching and what made the novel a unique experience. 
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+<br><br>
+Words: 921

HW11/corpus/bwa14.txt

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+
+The Picture of Dorian Grey
+This story is about wanting to stay young and not knowing the consequences of such a desire.
+Everything starts out in Basil Hallward's studio. Basil is a painter that is obsessed with Dorian Grey, a young beautiful gentleman that catches everyone's eye. On this particular day, Basil is accompanied by Lord Henry, one of his close friends. Dorian posses for a portrait and then retires to the garden with Lord Henry. They talk about youth and its great importance, about how it shouldn't be taken for granted, etc. When the picture is finished, Dorian makes a simple wish. He asks for his picture to grow old instead of him.
+Dorian keeps the picture and is fond of his new friend, Lord Henry. They go everywhere together and Henry teaches Dorian new things about life that he never knew existed.
+Dorian falls in love with an actress from the lower sides of London. But after she messes up in one of her plays, he despises her and decides never to see her again. He goes home and realizes that his picture has changed, it had grown old. The next day he is told that the actress he used to admire had committed suicide. Dorian fells no sorrow and Lord Henry tells him to take it as if it were just part of a play, a tragic scene that had come to a dramatic end. He realizes that his stupid wish had come true, so he decides to hide the painting so no one else can see it.
+As the years go by, people start to hate the once beloved Dorian Grey. Rumors are spread that he is a bad influence and that evil follows him wherever he goes. Many people don't believe that nonsense, and are still blown away by his ravaging good looks. They can't believe that such a handsome man can do such terrible things.
+Then one night, Basil visits him. They have a chat about the reputation that Dorian is getting on the streets. Basil tells him that such affairs, as he had been known to be a part off, were bad for the soul. Dorian tells him he no longer has a soul, and decides to show him the picture he once had painted of him. The picture had become horrid, old, and had lost all the beauty it once possessed. Basil is amazed and can't believe his own eyes. Dorian becomes mad at him, he blames him for all that has happened in his life, for he was the one that started the whole thing. Dorian takes a knife and stabs his good friend to death.
+The next day he gets rid of the body and of all the evidence that can link him to the murder. Dorian continues his life as if nothing had ever happened.
+A couple of days later, he is confronted by James Vayne, the actress's brother, the one he had sent to her death 18 years before. He wants to kill him for what he had done, but his good looks and his young face save his life. 
+Now everywhere he goes he is afraid of being killed, until one day he goes hunting with a friend, and they shoot Vayne by mistake. Dorian feels without troubles and decides to make good instead of evil. He goes home and stabs the painting that had caused him all this pain. A chilling cry is heard, and his servants enter the room. They find the picture hanging on the wall, as beautiful as it ever was, and their master lying dead on the floor. He had changed into an old horrid figure and was stabbed to death.
+This book was an excellent choice because it had a very interesting way of looking at life. At the beginning I thought it would be the usual story, but then as the plot unwraps, one can't leave the book for a second. You always want to know what will happen to Dorian Grey. 
+Grey is an amazing character, at the start he was just blooming like a flower, but under the influence of Lord Henry, he matures and becomes a creature of evil. He realizes his mistakes and wants to change them, but it is too late. 
+This story shows us that you can't have everything forever, one has to live life as one is. Dorian tried to stay young forever and it brought him nothing but pain. We can't make such mistakes because we only live once, we have to take Dorian's example and make our lives better, and worth living.
+<br><br>
+Words: 771

HW11/corpus/bwa140.txt

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+
+Objective Summary:
+The story is about a child's expectance of a family
+life filled with love and comforts, which is contrast
+with his real working class family life.
+Subjective Evaluation:
+Soto, back to his age of nine, dreamed to live in a
+family life that was uncomplicated in its routine. In
+reality, Soto lived in a working class family; he
+tried to change his family to imitate the perfect
+families he absorbed from television. I think many
+people have done what Soto did to fulfill the dream of
+a perfect family they wanted. I am not excluded from
+this either.
+I have an experience of attempting to change my
+family life. It was one year later after my family
+first came to the US in 1995. I learned many new
+things in this country that I never knew in China, and
+I appreciated some living styles in American culture.
+As I tended to like the styles of American life, I
+expected my family like them, too. The thing I wanted
+my family to change was the cooking style. I hated to
+cook Chinese dinner because it took so long to
+prepare. There are four kinds of food which are
+considered essential parts of Chinese dinner: rice,
+soup, vegetable, and meat; they are usually cooked
+separately. I was not the one who was good at
+cooking in my family, but I did have to cook when I
+came home earlier than my parents and two sisters
+still at work. One day, when we were sitting together
+at the dinning table for dinner, I suggested to my
+family that we could have sandwiches and precooked
+food from the supermarket as our dinner since many
+American families do. My parents looked at me in
+bewilderment. Son, you must be kidding, right?
+Those sandwiches and precooked food do not give you
+enough nutrition for growing up, my dad said. And
+precooked food is not good for your health, my mother
+kept on. My elder sisters showed no interest in my
+idea. I grew frustrated from their reaction, but I
+did not give up. Evening after evening, I kept
+bringing up the idea at the dinning table. My mother
+finally permitted me to make one American dinner for
+the family. That day, I went to the supermarket to
+buy bread, ham, and chicken soup right after school.
+I planned on making ham sandwiches and chicken soup
+for the dinner. The dinner was ready and served at
+our usual dinnertime. My mother tasted a spoon of the
+chicken soup and said, It tastes like brine, nothing
+but salty. Why don't they put some shark fins in it?
+She refused to have another spoon. My sisters only
+had a small bite of their sandwiches and then put them
+down; my father barely finished one. Even I could not
+have another one after finishing two. That night, my
+parents and sisters had instant noodle for dinner.
+Such a result was out of my expectation, but I had to
+accept it. From then on, the subject of changing
+cooking style is never brought up to the family
+conversation.
+I think Soto had the same feeling as I did when he
+found out that there was no way to change his family
+to be the perfect family he expected. When he
+realized that, he went out to look for work; being
+different from him, I tried to bring up another
+subject to the family conversation.
+<br><br>
+Words: 575

HW11/corpus/bwa234.txt

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+
+The Professor and the Madman, written by Simon Winchester, is a biography about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Winchester, who is an author, journalist, broadcaster and foreign correspondent, has written for many magazines and newspapers distributed worldwide. In an interview between Winchester and a host of C-SPAN, Winchester was asked where the idea for the book came, he replies “Well, it came to me in a rather bizarre way. I was reading a book on lexicography in the bath one morning, as one does, I suppose, just before breakfast, and it was a book--a wonderful book called Chasing The Sun by a man called Jonathan Green. And it had a reference--it said, `Readers will be familiar with the extraordinary story of Dr. W.C. Minor, an American lunatic murderer, who was a prodigiously energetic contributor to the OED.' And I remember sitting up in the bath, Archimedeslike, dripping and saying, `Well, I know nothing about this.'” Winchester’s main foundation for this book is to clarify the tale of the making of the Oxford English Dictionary
+The formation of the Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857 and took seventy years to finish. Tens of thousands of individuals organized the expansive language into 414,825 exact definitions. The story begins with the grisly murder of George Merrett, by William Chester Minor the former U.S. Army officer and qualified surgeon. On February 17th of 1872 in the early morning William Minor had been sleeping, when he awoke to some “noises” of someone in his flat. He sat up and saw someone standing at the foot of his bed. He proceeded to chase the individual into the street, and shot at the “person” as they attempted to flee. He ended up shooting the first person that came into view apparently, and this person was George Merrett. Merrett had never met W.C Minor and had been heading home after a long day at work. W.C Minor was arrested. While in prison, he appeared to act exceptionally strange. One of the guards told the jury that Minor accused him of paying people to enter his room and molest him while he slept. This evidence clearly showed that W.C Minor was insane and was sent to the Asylum for the Criminally Insane, Broadmoore. The judge stated that he would remain there “until her Majesty’s Pleasure be known.”
+Professor James Murray, an extraordinarily educated former schoolmaster and bank clerk, sent out an announcement about the making of the Oxford English Dictionary, asking for literary contributions. From his cell in Broadmoore, Minor came across this announcement and began contributing examples from his massive collection of new and scarce antique books. Minor had an enormous collection of books in his cell, which were not available to Murray and the staff, where the dictionary was being created. Thousand of neat and well-written quotes and examples came from Minor over several years to Oxford. Murray was only fifty miles away from where Minor was living, and had no idea that Minor was committed to an asylum. On several occasions Minor had been asked to visit Murray In Oxford, where they could meet and discuss the dictionary. Minor declined all invitations, without an explanation, and only an apology. After being rebuffed several times, Murray offered to visit Minor and Minor accepted the offer. Upon arrival Murray discovered that Minor was not a doctor of the asylum as he had assumed, but a resident.
+Murray was shocked, but that didn’t dissuade him from visiting Minor. Although Minor constantly complained about people molesting him while he slept, people breaking into his room at night, and his personal possessions being vandalized Murray ignored the strange comments and went on with his visits. Minor’s stepbrother began writing appeals to the court, asking that his brother be allowed to transfer to a hospital in the United States. James Murray, who spent more than 40 years editing the dictionary, and up until 1910 wrote and visited Minor regularly, until Minor was released and allowed to go back to the U.S. On July 16th 1915 Murray died, surrounded by friends and relatives. In November 1915 Minor wrote to Lady Murray, offering all his books to the Scriptorium. On Friday March 26th 1920 Minor died from a cold that developed into bronchopneumonia. The English Oxford Dictionary took eight more years to be completed. On New Years Eve of 1927 its completion was announced.
+The Professor and the madman is a wonderfully written biography. Before each chapter was a word that defined the whole chapter. Most of the book was in chronological order, except for the parts where the author backtracked in order to elaborate. The postscript and authors note gave a bit of insight on where he got his idea to write the book, and some of his resources. Unlike The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, the diction was easy to follow, and storyline was far from depressing. Winchester was very straightforward, and turned a little known tale into a well-written and very compelling book.
+I had my doubts about this particular book. I got this book, when the report was first assigned. I attempted to read, but found the first chapter dreadfully boring, and returned the book to the bookstore. I forgot about the report until I was reminded a week ago. I went to go and find a different book, but had no luck, so I bought the book again. I am glad that I did end up with this book. I enjoyed The Professor and the Madman immensely. I have no recollection of ever hearing about the authors of the Oxford English Dictionary. I told one of my friends about this book, and he asked if he could borrow it as soon as I finished using it for my report
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman. New York, N.Y. Harper Collins. 1998
+Air date: November 8, 1998 on C-SPAN, and then transferred to the internet. www.booknotes.org/transcripts/50488.htm
+A search for author information on Winchester produced this. http://shop.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/authorInfo.asp?authorCode=208118&userid=2UHBJHVHUL&mscssid=EB4B5PL8R3SM9LB4KXAN43GBAGP60U5C
+<br><br>
+Words: 964

HW11/corpus/bwa235.txt

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+
+I read the novel Rising Sun by Michael Crichton. The story is about the grand opening of the Nakamoto Tower in Los Angeles, the new American headquarters of a Japanese corporation. On the night of the opening a young girl was killed on the forty-sixth floor, one story above the floor of the party. The Japanese liaison, Lieutenant Peter James Smith, was called to help the investigation begin, as the Japanese businessmen tried to stall the police. Though the story is about a homicide investigation, the underlying theme is one of business deals, both corrupt and proper. Throughout the book the reader is taken though the way of Japanese business, and quickly learns the differences between American companies and the Japanese even today.
+Rising Sun shows examples of the Japanese persuasion in almost all aspects of typical American life. The Japanese motto “Business is war” comes into affect throughout the story, and is shown in their maneuvers to outwit the police. The businessmen of Nakamoto Tower know that the murder was recorded on their surveillance cameras, so they switch the tapes before the police have an opportunity to look at them themselves. Then, with technology years ahead of the Americans, they alter the video to transform the identity of the murderer. They care not for the truth to be found, and they only work to hide the murder from the public. The fear of a scandal that would topple the Nakamoto Corporation is enough to make the Japanese do whatever it takes to prevent the public from knowing of the murder.
+The book also discusses the loss of basic industries to Japan. The decline of American business became apparent even to Congress, who would move to stop the sale of business to the Japanese. The American approach to business is entirely different than the Japanese approach. American companies are compelled to show profits every few months, while the Japanese don’t care for the short-term business at all. Often, they create their products and sell them below cost, a practice known as ‘dumping‘. While dumping is illegal under American and international law, the Japanese continue to do it, but only in America. They might lose money at first, but after a few years, they can refine their products and actually make them at a lower cost. By then the Japanese businesses have taken control of the market, without fear of American retaliation for their unlawful tactics.
+American government has provided an open market in its business. We have laws that prevent monopolies by American owners, but we welcome foreign investors without much worry. Other countries, which Americans do business with, have provided open markets, including the Japanese. But while the Japanese claim to have an open market, they play by their own rules. They don’t sell their companies to Americans, but continue to buy ours. They force Americans to license their technology to Japanese companies before they can sell in their country. Japan takes eight years to give Americans a patent, and in the meantime the Japanese create a superior version of the same product after scrutinizing and perfecting our would-be-patented inventions. While other European countries play with a tit-for-tat strategy, Americans do nothing to prevent the Japanese from making use of their same illicit approaches over and over. America is afraid to upset the Japanese because we want to keep them as an ally of ours against Russia. At this point, two economies are too tightly intertwined for America and Japan to not come together in business.
+All this is proven through the telling of the story by the author. He talks of the loss of American business to the Japanese as almost tragic. The author, Michael Crichton, makes the point that it is time for Americans to take hold of their businesses in the industries we can still control. We need to realize that if we sell all of our companies to one nation, soon that nation will be able to control our control at will. If they are the sole creator of certain items, we will most certainly become dependant on them. He suggests that the Japanese ware good at what they do, but do not care to be fair. Crichton explains that the Japanese man lives in a society entirely different from that of the American man. The Japanese change who they are and how they act based on their surroundings. American men feel that this is almost lying, and unacceptable. Japanese work as a group towards a common goal, without placing blame on an individual but coming together to solve the problem. 
+I feel that Crichton makes good points throughout the book. He shows the contrast between the Japanese and American business ethics as its relates to business today. I feel that Americans should take more pride in their companies, but there are many things that Americans can learn from the Japanese as well. Americans should realize that there is more to a business than the quick profits, and a long-term venture will turn out stronger. Crichton points out that the Japanese slowly refine their products, steadily produce superior technology, while America only looks for the leaps in industry. I believe there is much to be learned from the Japanese, and we cannot be hesitant in out interactions with them. We must have a healthy and just relationship in order for both sides to profit, and so far Americans have been meek in claiming their share. We need to let the Japanese know that we will not tolerate their illegal strategies, but they will have to follow the regulations of business just as any other nation does. 
+In Rising Sun, Michael Crichton provides a look at the heart of business on both the American and Japanese sides. One slowly recognizes how the world is changing around them through the relatively benign presence of business. While his book is about the investigation of a murder, the information revealed about business allows the reader to make a judgment for themselves about our nation’s pride, or lack thereof, for American industry.
+<br><br>
+Words: 1012

HW11/corpus/bwa236.txt

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+
+Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe. The novel was first
+published in 1719. It tells the story of a young explorer who becomes marooned
+on a deserted island. His experiences of the island change his outlook on life.
+Daniel Defoe was a short story writer that came from an poor family.
+Defoe was poor for most of his life and made his living as a butcher and a
+writer. Defoe mostly wrote short stories and political essays. Robinson Crusoe
+was a combination of two short stories. Many believe Defoe used Robinson
+Crusoe to portray himself in a certain ways. The description was almost
+identical to his own and after his wife left him, he felt as if he was marooned 
+on a deserted island.
+The story takes place in the 1700s on a deserted island somewhere off the
+coast of Brazil. The island is fairly large in size and has a small shore. The
+interior of the island has many trees, wild pigs and other small animals and a
+small cave in which Crusoe stores food.
+I walked about the shore lifting up my hands. Look around, 
+I see nothing but water, a forest, and the remains of my
+ship. At first, I was afraid of wild animals but after some
+exploration of the land, the only animals I had seen were
+wild pigs, squirrels, and some small birds.
+The only possessions that Crusoe retrieved from the remains of his ship were a
+small knife, a box of tabacco, a pipe, and a small book that would later become
+his journal.
+Robinson Crusoe was a young and stubborn explorer. He was extremely
+tall and strong. His stay on the island changed him from a mean, stubborn man
+to an open-minded protestant. 
+Standing at six feet, two inches and having my long, thick 
+brown hair back in a ponytail, I felt as if I was eight feet
+tall. Without the permission of my parents, I was still 
+sailing away from the misery. I held the cargo box is my
+strong arms, waiting to board my beautiful ship.
+Crusoe became a skilled craftsman and was an extremely religious man due to
+his stay on the island. Being the only man on the entire island, he established a
+faith in God. He also became more articulate from writing in a journal daily.
+Overall, his stay on the island changed Crusoe's life greatly.
+As the story begins, Robinson Crusoe defies his parents and sets out to
+sea. Crusoe encounters a series of violent storms at sea and ends up in Africa.
+He sets out on another voyage and is captured by the Sallee, a group of pirates.
+Luckily, he manages to escape and board a Portuguese ship and sail to Brazil.
+While in Brazil, Crusoe purchases a large sugar plantation. After leaving Brazil,
+he encounters another storm in which his ship is destroyed and he is marooned
+on an island as the only survivor.
+On the island, Crusoe gathers food and builds a small shelter. He writes in
+a journal to keep account of his stay. Crusoe becomes a skilled craftsman and
+begins to feel a spiritual connection with God. He also builds a small boat that
+he uses to sail around the island.
+After living on the island for fifteen years, Crusoe discovers that savages
+had landed on the island and that they perform human sacrifices. Crusoe helps a
+prisoner escape from these savages. He names the prisoner Friday and teaches
+him english. Together, they build a new boat and attempt to leave the island.
+However, Friday learns his father is a prisoner of the savages. Crusoe and
+Friday return and rescue his father and a Spaniard. The four men board a
+passing boat and gain control of it. Crusoe sails back to his native land to learn
+his sugar plantation has made him rich. He sells the plantation and marries. As
+the novel closes, Crusoe is persuaded to take a final voyage, back to the island.
+Robinson Crusoe is written using an English dialect. The narration of the
+novel is simple, informal and extremely easy to understand. However, Defoe
+uses verbose descriptions for characters.
+He was a comely, handsome fellow, perfectly well made, 
+with strong limbs, not too large, tall and well-shaped, and
+I reckon he was about twenty years of age. The color
+of his skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet 
+not of an ugly, yellow, nauseous tawny, as the Brazilians
+and Virginians, and other natives are; but of a bright kind
+of a dun olive color that had in it something agreeable, 
+though not very easy to describe.
+This is a description of Friday. Defoe does an excellent job of introducing the
+character. This paragraph makes a clear picture of Friday to the reader.
+The theme of the novel is that nature can change the way a man thinks
+and his outlook on life. Crusoe was a nasty young man who hated his family
+and his life as the story began. After being stranded on an island for over fifteen
+years, nature changed his outlook on life. Crusoe became grateful for what he
+did have and wanted to make the best out of it. He developed a stronger will
+power and became more opened minded. He also thought more about the better
+aspects of his life and had faith in God.
+<br><br>
+Words: 897

HW11/corpus/bwa240.txt

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+
+Huckleberry Finn is a book that contains elements of romantic and realistic fiction; even though it contains both these elements, it is a book on realistic fiction, and that is how it was written to be. Mark Twain used historical facts and data to make this story realistic, it used situations that would normally happen in the time the novel takes place in. Huckleberry Finn's father is a vagrant and a despicable person; his actions are written to how a man of that characteristic would act. Two more characters in this novel also act accordingly; the Duke and the Dauphin. A couple of crooks and frauds who are ill at heart and produce no good at all. A kind man Jim, a black slave at the beginning of this novel, goes through much and many people go through much for him. Of these characters I have just mentioned, Jim is the only considerate one, and the Duke and the Dauphin and Huckleberry Finn's father are evil.
+Huckleberry Finn has no strong feelings for his father except that of resentment. His father abandoned him when he was a child and come backs to town once in a while. His father would beat Huck many times usually because he was drunk. This is not unusual for someone drunk to do if that person is a beater. I used to be scared of him all the time, he tanned me so much. (Twain, p. 25) Besides him beating Huck, his father has put fear into Huck, which is sad, but is realistic. Besides beating Huck, he also scolded him for trying to get an education; he though Huck was trying to become smarter than his father, and he wouldn't have that. You're educated, too, they say -- can read and write. You think you're better'n your father, now, don't you, because he can't? I'll take it out of you. (Twain, pg. 26) Not only is Huck's father mean and petty, he is also greedy. 'I've been in town two days, and I hain't heard nothing but about you bein' rich. I heard about it away down the river, too. That's why I come. You git me that money to-morrow -- I want it.'(Twain, pg. 27)
+But Huck's father isn't the only greedy character in this play, there are two men that pose as the Duke and the Dauphin (who are obviously not really who they claim to be). These were two men that were frauds, they would scam people out of their money and move along to the next town as swiftly as possible. Occasionally they were, caught, which is quite realistic. 'Well, I'd been selling an article to take the tartar off the teeth -- and it does take it off, too, and generly the enamel along with it -- but I stayed about one night longer than I ought to, and was just in the act of sliding out when I ran across you on the trail this side of town, and you told me they were coming, and begged me to help you to get off. So I told you I was expecting trouble myself, and would scatter out with you.' One example of how these men are nobody but a couple of petty thieves. ' Well, I'd ben a-running' a little temperance revival thar 'bout a week, and was the pet of the women folks, big and little, for I was makin' it mighty warm for the rummies, I tell you, and takin' as much as five or six dollars a night -- ten cents a head, children and niggers free -- and business a-growin' all the time, when somehow or another a little report got around last night that I had a way of puttin' in my time with a private jug on the sly.' (Twain, pg. 161)
+A very noble person does not get the respect he deserved Jim that is. Jim was a very brave, strong, courageous man, and the only person that truly recognizes him is Huck. There is one scene where Huck is questioned about a runaway slave. Most people would have given Jim away really quickly, but Huck's friendship with Jim, and that he knows how good a person he is does not. ' Well, there's five niggers run off to-night up yonder, above the head of the bend. Is your man white or black?' Then Huck replies, ' He's white.' (Twain, 120) Though this may not seem to be a big quote, it is quite important. It shows how Huck feels about Jim, and that a friendship between two people is very strong, and most peoples in that situation with a friendship like that would do the same, making it a realistic situation.
+Yes, Huckleberry Finn contains elements of romanticism and elements of realism. But throughout this book, the element of realism prevails, and thus making this book a realistic fiction novel. These examples I have given should be just enough to prove this point of realism over romanticism. These two elements do coexist, but romanticism isn't a strong enough element to categorize the book in. But to say this book only has elements of realism is unjust. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 867

HW11/corpus/bwa241.txt

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+
+Greed can be a very destructive part of everyone’s
+life. It can control our every action at times. Some
+people let their greed get out of control, which was exactlywhat happened in Salem during the witch trials. Three people’s greed brought up this whole tragedy of the trials, convictions and hangings. These three people are Reverend Parris, Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams.
+Thomas Putnam was a “well-to-do, hard-handed,
+landowner.” He valued his land probably more than his
+marriage, his other possessions or his anything else that he had. He used his land as a power source to get anything that he wanted. He also used this power to get his neighbors accused and/or convicted of being witches. Once these people were convicted, he would be able to purchase the deceased’s land, just giving him more land and power. This man alone got others to start believing that some people among them were witches. He also used his daughter as a witness to some of his neighbors crimes. Thomas Putnam
+used the witch trials as an excuse to get even with his
+neighbors and get their land. He allowed his greed to rule his mind and other decisions during this tragic time in the history of Salem. 
+Another person who was affected by greed during this time was Reverend Parris. He felt that he was underpaid for his services. At one time he said to Giles Corey, “I regard that six pound as part of my salary...You will look far for a man of my kind at sixty pound a year!” Also, Parris preached for twenty weeks about having golden candlesticks on the altar until he got them. As the story progressed, he
+became greedy for his life and the life of his friends. When Proctor was about to be hanged, he begged and pleaded for Proctor’s life so that Parris would not be blamed for killing one of Salem’s “upper class”. I feel that Parris was not a good man to be the minister in such a town because he helped the whole witch hunt get going. He made sure that
+everyone knew about what was going on and got them to help dig up dirt on the accused. 
+One final person whom I believe let her greed for attention and power control the outcome of that small town was Abigail Williams. She was the first person who was caught dancing in the woods to realize that if she turned on the others, her own life would be spared. She started making things up so that she would be in the center of the life in the town. She accused many innocent people of being witches for her own personal good. The best example of this would be when she accused Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch. Abigail and John Proctor had an affair and Abigail
+perceived this to mean that John wanted to be with her
+instead of his wife. Then, she realized that the only way to make this happen would be to kill Elizabeth in some way. The only legal way to do this would be to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch and making sure that she was convicted of this crime. Abigail knew that the punishment for the crime of witchcraft was hanging and carried out her accusation so that she and John could “dance upon her grave together.” I strongly feel that Abigail’s greed was the most destructive
+to the outcome of this story. She single-handedly destroyed most of the people of this town’s reputations. If a person had something that she wanted, she accused them and got exactly what she wanted. At times, she used her acting talents to make it seem like she was being attacked by a
+certain person’s spirit. While she was trying to convince Danforth and Hathorne that Elizabeth was a witch, she went as far as stabbing herself in the stomach to make it look like Elizabeth was sending out her spirit upon others. I believe that if Abigail had been stopped sooner, the innocent people who died would have lived and been able to look back on this terrible time to mourn the losses of their friends.
+Many people’s greed brought on these atrocities in Salem, but especially the greed of Thomas Putnam, Reverend Parris and Abigail Williams. If people such as these let greed rule their lives, turmoil is brought about. If only everyone could control their greed, this world would be a happier and more civil place.
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+The Crucible by Arthur Miller Published by The
+Penguin Group copyright 1982 
+<br><br>
+Words: 753

HW11/corpus/bwa243.txt

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+
+This is the realistic fiction story of two people who catch two commercial fishermen killing off seals. In the beginning, a guy named Andy agrees to fly from Montana to California to work for his uncle at a gas station for boats. In exchange, his uncle would teach him all about boats. It was Andy’s dream to drive out in the sea. He goes out in a boat with his uncle and he teaches him some things. They noticed that seals were dyeing. Andy’s uncle said it might be some kind of disease. So then his Aunt gets sick so his uncle has to spend time with her and didn’t really have time to teach Andy about boats.
+One day Andy was working at the boat gas stop and a girl his age comes to fill up. She didn’t look at him though, she was looking at the dead seals. She said that she really hated that and the commercial fishermen were killing them for lots of reasons. One was they were eating the boat and scaring the fish away. Anyway, then she left and came back in the evening. She filled up and introduced herself. Her name was Molly and she knew a lot about boats. Andy said where he came from and how he wanted to learn about boats. So then they made a deal that she would teach him how to use the boats and in exchange they would try to track the seal killers. So then a huge boat comes to the gas station. It was owned by the Jackson brothers. They were the two meanest commercial fishermen in the town. Molly had a suspicion that they were the ones killing the scenes. Then they take Andy’s money and he tells his uncle. His uncle said those guys are crazy and that he shouldn’t bother them.
+A few days later, Andy and Molly go where the Jackson brothers hang out and they follow them. They heard them saying something about killing seals tonight. So Andy and Molly go on Andy’s uncles boat and follow the Jackson brothers. They spotted them and started shooting them. Then Andy and Molly speeded up but the Jacksons crashed into rocks and got stuck. So then Andy and Molly called the police and the fishermen got arrested. Andy learned a lot about boats and his uncle was very proud of him.
+<br><br>
+Words: 400

HW11/corpus/bwa248.txt

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+
+The Secret Garden
+By
+Frances Hodgson Burnett
+The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett takes place in a dreary Misselthwaite manor in England during the Victorian era. The protagonist is Mary Lennox a selfish and spoilt 11 year old. The other major characters are Master Colin Craven her sickly cousin, Dickon Sowerby the animal charmer, Master Archibald Craven her reclusive uncle, Martha Sowerby a hearty housekeeper, a dour gardener, a cheerful robin and the secret garden. The tone is melodramatic and is told in the third person omniscient. The message about life to be learned from the story is that its never too late to change, no matter how terrible, you can make the best of things. Face the problems instead of cowering from them because if your don’t they’ll never go away. Have a positive attitude, live life and share it with the people around. Alienating yourself is not the solution. Mary, Colin and Archibald Craven are examples of this. Mary didn’t care for anything, she was so spoilt that nothing and no one meant anything to he; she was so used to everybody hating her. Colin is also spoilt and filled with ideas that he’s going to die. Archibald is the coward that can’t face reality or the hope for a better tomorrow. The one thing they all have in common is negatively, you get the sense that they would rather be dead and in reality it’s like they are because they don’t care about anything. Mary is tossed around like a rag doll nobody wants; Colin is expecting to die and Master Craven runs from the possibilities of getting to know his son.
+In The Secret Garden there is person vs. society and person vs. her/himself. In person vs. society Mary is unloved by her parents and by most of those who she encounters. Her parents ignore her existence and leave her to the care of a hateful ayah. After her parents die she moves to live with her uncle and is greeted by Mrs. Medlock who finds her a disagreeable child. She and others don’t give Mary a chance; they judge and sentence her. They do the same to Colin; they don’t give him hopes of living and expect him to die soon. Person vs. her/himself is found when Mary, Colin and Master Craven have to find the courage to face the harsh world. They all fear this loneliness which they bring amongst themselves by withdrawing themselves from the world
+The climax in the story would have to be when Mary can’t handle Colins tantrums and all his ranting and raving about the lump on his back that’s going to kill him. She realizes that the way that Colin acts was the same way she used to be and she sets him straight. She doesn’t give in to his hysterics and proves to him that the only lumps on his back are his bones. From that day on things change, Mary tells him about the garden and Colin gets a sudden interest in life. After that Mary takes him to the garden and this view on life changes, he says I shall live for ever- and ever- and ever. It’s a combination of events with the help of different characters that bring this story to its conclusion. But it all starts with Mary’s arrival to the manor and her curiosity about the secret garden.
+Mary was used to being served and being alone, neglected by her parents she becomes bitter. Full of disagreeable thoughts about her dislikes and sour opinions of people and her determination not to be pleased by or interested in anything. There was no meaning in Mary’s life and that’s why she was bitter, that changed when she moved to Misselthwaite where she discovers the secret garden with fantastic healing powers. The garden is walled up and has been locked up for years. With the gardener’s apprentice, Dickon, Mary coaxes the garden back to life. The garden seems to have a wonderful, magical effect on all those who come into it, allowing Mary to help restore Colin to health and a reunion with his father. It’s a story where faith restores health, flowers refresh the spirit and the magic of the garden coming to life after years of neglect brings both Colin and Mary health and happiness. The garden helped Mary regenerate then helped Colin help himself and at last Master Craven. Hope was regained and the loss they had all endued stayed behind in the past. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 754

HW11/corpus/bwa249.txt

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+
+Imagine that you are in a different world from earth, time is different, and all living things around you can talk. While in this world you will go through the most amazing adventure that you could ever think of. That is just what happens in the novel The Silver Chair. It is an action packed, and keeps you wanting to read the whole way through. 
+The author of the novel The Silver Chair is C.S. Lewis. The most well known novels that C.S. Lewis has written are The Chronicles of Narnia, which is made up of seven novels.
+This story takes place in the present time. The adventure in Narnia that these children go on takes about 12 days, however on earth it is like you had never left as time is different in Narnia. For example, if you left to Narnia while shooting hoops you would return to earth at that exact day and time when you were shooting hoops.
+This story starts out on a dull autumn day at a special school called the Experiment house. As the story goes on they are transferred to a knew magical world called Narnia. While in Narnia the children travel around a lot and go to several different places, they include: The Wild Waste Lands of the North, The Hill of the Strange Trenches, The House of Harfang, and The Underland.
+The main characters of this story are: Jill Pole, Eustace Scrubb, Puddleglum, Aslan, Prince Rilian, and The Queen of Underland. Jill Pole is a wimpy girl that gets picked on at the Experiment House who meets a unpopular boy named Eustace Scrubb, and the two of them travel to the magical world Narnia. Here they meet Aslan, Lord of the whole wood, and son of the Emperor across the sea. Aslan is the Lion, the Great Lion. He comes and goes as and when he pleases; he comes to help guide Jill and Eustace on their great adventure. They also get help on their travels from a Marsh-wiggle named Puddleglum, who helps guide the children as they do not know this knew world well. Prince Rilian disappeared when riding his horse in the woods about 10 years ago. The Queen of Underland is a bad green witch that is up to no good, living in the Underland of Narnia.
+This story starts out at the children's school (The Experiment House) where Jill and Eustace meet each other. They are both unpopular children who were hiding behind the gym from the other kinds when they noticed a hole in the wall. The hole seemed to be some sort of passage way, and at the end of this passage was a great lion. By now the teacher's and students were looking for the children, Jill and Eustace did not want to stay so they traveled down this tunnel to meet this great lion Aslan. Eustace is sent to Narnia right away but Jill is left behind, Aslan explains that he let them come to Narnia because he needs their help. What had happened was that the resent king of Narnia was very old and needed a replacement, the king has a son (Prince Rilian) but he mysteriously disappeared about 10 years ago. It was the two children's job to find Prince Rilian, and to do this they must follow the steps that the lion tells Jill. Eustace and Jill meet up in Narnia and set out on their journey, early on they meet a marsh-wiggle(Puddgelum) who joins them on there great journey. First they must travel to the Wild Waste Lands of the North or the Land of the Giants. It is very rough terrain and very cold, Jill and Eustace are dying for a warm place to stay. The three travelers bump in to a beautiful lady dressed in green and a mysterious knight dressed in black, the lady explain that they could stay with the giants. They would provide food, cloths, and a warm place to stay, because Jill and Eustace are so hungry and tired they decide to go to the castle(The House of Harfang). Puddgelum explains that this might be a bad idea but they still end up going, while staying there the three of them find out that the giants are planning to eat them. They barley get away from the giants, and it was just by fluke that they crawled underground to the Underland. While in the Underland they meet a lot of the little munchkin people, who are digging some kind of hole to Narnia. Something was weird about this place and the three travelers were determined to find out what. When looking around the Underland they found the black knight who they saw before. They figured out that this knight was Prince Rilian and that he and everybody in the underland was under a great spell buy the green witch. Jill, Eustace, and Puddgelum figure out the source of the Princes spell, break it, then the Prince kills the evil green witch. However after the witch is killed the underland starts to crumble, and now all four travelers take the tunnel that was being made to Narnia. Everyone makes it back to Narnia safely and Rilian takes his place as King of Narnia.
+In the Silver Chair Prince Rilian would have never disappeared if he was not so obsessed with this green witch. Of course he did not know she was an evil witch, all he knew was that she was a beautiful young woman. So I think that the moral or lesson of the story is beware of beautiful woman because sometimes they use their looks to get things they want.
+In reading this novel I only came across a few areas of weakness in this novel. The first is when the children first come to Narnia, and they meet the great Aslan. I feel that you do not get enough information on him, and that I only understood who he was because I have read a couple other Narnia books. The second is that the current King of Narnia goes on a voyage to find another person to replace him as King. Again you do not get a lot of information on this character that I feel is important to the story. This is because I feel this would give the reader a better understanding of what's going on and who this great King Caspin is, as I think it would make the novel a little more clearer and enjoyable. The third is that this great Aslan has to let Jill and Eustace come to Narnia to find the lost Prince Rilian. He tells Jill these four steps to follow to find Prince Rilian.  First; as soon as the boy Eustace sets foot in Narnia, he will meet an old and dear friend. He must greet that friend at once; if he does, you will both have good help. Second; you must journey out of Narnia to the North till you come to the ruined city of the ancient giants. Third; you shall find a writing on a stone in that ruined city, and you must do what the writing tells you. Fourth; you will know the lost Prince by this, that he will be the first person you have met in your travels who will ask you to do something in my name, the name of Aslan. From these four steps he seems to be able to read the future and knows where the Prince is.
+Besides those few areas of weakness I thought that this was a very good novel and has many areas of strength. Having a new world in a novel could be hard to understand, however in this novel the author explains the rules of this new world with little bits of information in the first few chapters. For example in chapter two Jill hears a lion talking and  she had remembered about what Scrubb had said about animals talking in that other world, and realized that it was a lion speaking. This gives you a good understanding of this new world before all these different things star happening on the children's travels. Another strength is that along with the children on their journey is a marsh- wiggle ( Puddgelum ). To have Puddgelum on the journey is good because it is some one that lives in Narnia and knows what this world is all about. Without having Puddgelum on this journey the children would be confused which would also make the reader confused. When reading this book I did not want to put it down because the main characters were always in some kind of situation, and you did not know what was going to happen next. Their main situation was to find the Prince but along their journey they ran into such things as giants, a green witch, the Underland and the people that live there. Also all these different things that happen in Narnia compared to earth; such as talking animals, different types of creatures, the landscape of Narnia, different time, and the way that the beings in Narnia are not as advanced ( meaning weaponry and housing etc.) as
+earth's. 
+All though I enjoyed reading this novel I think the author could have improved in some of the areas of this novel. I felt that the author did not develop the characters enough in this story. He briefly talks about the two children on earth, and I feel that if he had them in more situations like what their family life was like and you would learn more about what these characters were like. Maybe if you learned more about the children you would feel sorry for them, and while reading it would keep you moving on as you do not want anything bad to happen to them. Another way that the author could have improved this novel is to explain more about the green witch. Stuff like how did this witch come to be? and why did this witch capture Prince Rilian and kill his mother?
+There are two areas of this novel that are vague to me. The first is in chapter one when Jill, Eustace, and Puddgelum first come to Narnia. The situation that is vague to me is that Eustace falls off this great cliff because Jill accidentally knocks him off. After this happens somehow Puddgelum is gone and I am not sure if this is because of Aslan's magic or because the other person jumped after the falling Eustace. Another area of this novel that is vague to me happens in the last few chapters. In these chapters you learn that the green witch planned to take over Narnia, however it is not clear to me why the witch needed Prince Rilian to obtain control of Narnia, when she was just going to take it over by brut force.
+A thing that bothered me in this novel is the two characters Aslan and the green witch. This is because they both seem very powerful and would not need help from people to achieve their goals. In this novel Aslan needed help from Jill and Eustace and the green needed help from Prince Rilian. The story could have been made a little more exiting if these two characters had some sort of limitations on their power.
+I really like the idea of children trying to save the day in this novel. I think this is a real positive as children will not always make the smart choice and will get themselves into knew and exiting situations.
+I really enjoyed reading The Silver Chair and found that I kept on wanting to read more and finished the novel rather quickly. I found this book very enjoyable because the idea having a knew world was very exiting having things such as talking animals, giants, and witches. Having different types of creatures interacting with humans and seeing the different landscapes of Narnia. The main characters were likable and you wanted to make sure they found Prince Rilian. I feel that even though this novel is fiction and because it is so well written it almost feels that the story is true. I thought the Silver Chair was a great novel and would recommend you read it sometime.
+<br><br>
+Words: 2058

HW11/corpus/bwa25.txt

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+
+George Rusinak Graves
+Essay 9\16\99
+The Managed Heart: Emotional Management vs. Emotional Labor
+Can a person’s heart be controlled? Do all people go have some form of emotional management or emotional labor in their lives? In the book, The Managed Heart, written by Arlie Hochschild , discusses the issues of emotional labor and emotional management. In the book, it describes the difference between the two issues and gives Hochschild’s opinion on those issues.
+The first issue is emotional management. This is where the fight attendants learn how to deal with certain situations that they might encounter. Basically, they are taught to manage their emotions and look at their situation from the other side. By doing this, the flight attendants can create a happy and more comfortable setting for the passengers. On page 113 in the book, it states that the fight attendants should imagine a reason to excuse an obnoxious or unruly passenger. This is what Delta teaches: emotional management. 
+The other issue is emotional labor. The use of emotional management is emotional labor. They flight attendants use surface acting in everyday work life. They are there to make the passenger feel comfortable and happy. This is a cover sheet for the flight attendants emotions. They are in a way bottling up their feelings to produce another feeling. The problem with emotional labor and surface acting are they become a part of that person. Hochschild thinks that this is a bad thing because one will never break away from the emotional labor and in turn have trouble expressing their inner feelings, (deep acting) in their private lives.
+In summary, emotional management is emotional labor. Emotional management is the learning how to deal with situations. Emotional labor is the actual use of the emotional management. Learning emotional management is helpful, but can affect that person’s lifestyle. When they use emotional labor, they are hiding their inner feelings to create are better atmosphere for others. People using this might never be able to distinguish the difference between their surface acting and deep acting. Hochschild’s sees this as a problem for the people affected by this emotion manipulator. This will affect their friend’s, family, and the rest of society.
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+Hockschild,The Unmanaged Heart, conseni 1978.
+<br><br>
+Words: 367

HW11/corpus/bwa6.txt

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+
+ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE 
+Tobacco smoking has long been recognized as a major cause of death and disease, responsible for an estimated 434,000 deaths per year in the United States. After the Environmental Protection Agency and the Surgeon General stated that cigarettes cause lung cancer there was a tremendous movement to make cigarettes illegal. Now the debate is on environmental tobacco smoke also known as secondhand smoke, passive smoking, and sidestream smoke. The worry is that when non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke they face the same health hazards as smokers. 
+Tobacco smoke contains more than forty known carcinogens. Sidestream smoke carries these carcinogens into the air (Sussman 12). According to scientific studies tobacco smoke contains four thousand chemicals, and at least sixty are known to cause cancer. Carbon monoxide is the main gas in cigarette smoke. This gas competes with oxygen for binding sites on red blood cells, and results in depleting the body of oxygen (Q&A). 
+Researchers studied 1,906 women of which 653 developed lung cancer. Women married to smokers were thirty percent more likely to develop lung cancer than those married to non-smokers (LeMaistre 1). According to the Environmental Protection Agency a thirty percent risk is only a small relative risk. The Environmental Protection Agency released its report stating that environmental tobacco smoke is a human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately three thousand lung cancer deaths annually in American non-smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke has been classified as a Group A carcinogen, the highest ranking under the EPA's carcinogen assessment guidelines. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 252

HW11/corpus/bwa64.txt

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+
+October 06. 1999
+Dear Diary,
+What an excellent way to start off mt 13th birthday, my dog got ran over by a car! To make it better it was my own mother that did it. He was my only true friend, the only one that I really loved and cared for, and now he is dead.
+I hate my over-weight, hard-ball of a mother! It was her fault, all her fault! I don't blame her for not letting me have any friends over, she to ashamed of herself! And, I hate to say this but I am ashamed of her to. If people really knew what she was like, they would be ashamed too. She knew the only real friend I ever had was my cute little dog Marshall, and then she turns around and killed him! I HATE HER! I HATE HER!!! How could she be so careless, how could have she not seen him, he isn't that small. 
+I don't know what I'm going to do without Marshall. How will I ever get along.?? I'll certainly miss waking up every morning, and seeing him standing on his hind legs at the foot of my bed, with his front paws braced against the side, starring at me with his big brown eyes. I can remember that his stubby tail would thump back and forth, and he lean his head over and lick my face and neck, with his warm rough thong. Boy did I love that dog, I'm going to miss him so much. I'll never find a friend quite like him, he is irreplaceable. 
+Marshall didn't care about the way that I looked, whether or not I was smart or stupid, or even about the guys that I messed around with,( which is why my ape of a father resents me.) He never once put me down like everyone else. He loved me, and now he's gone, and it's all because of my mother!!
+I'm going to miss Marshall, but I know that I will never see him again, thanks to my selfish mother who let him run free while I was at school. She knew how much he loved to chase car. He always did do it, ever since he was a little puppy. But of course she didn't care. I'm never going to forgive her for this, NEVER!!
+Chrissie
+October 08th 1999
+Dear Diary,
+I no longer care what I do, my own father calls me a sl**, so why shouldn't I live up to his accusations?? Just last night, I went out and did exactly what he expected me to do. I'm sick of him calling me a sl**, and everything else in the book, when I hardly even does anything. I hope that he's happy now, that I gotten into drugs and I'm trying to drown out my problems in booze, that should make him really proud. 
+Oh, sometimes I wish that I was dead, so all my problems go away, and I could be myself and next get lectured on it. It not like anyone would care anyway.. Mom is too absorbed in her own selfishness, and Dad, he's just off in his own little world. The both of them don't even know that I'm alive, except when it come time to bi*** at me for something that I did. Nobody cares for me except for a few idiots that only want one thing sex!
+Sometimes I even wonder, why should I even care. It's not like I'm going to be anything when I grows up. My school grades are falling and I'm almost positive that I will have to take the grade 7 over again. That's going to be fun, that will make Dad even more happy with his little girl. 
+I just don't know what to do! Nobody cares about me so why should I!!
+Chrissie 
+October 10th 1999
+Dear Diary, 
+My house has turned into a was zone!! Ever since my 13th birthday, nothing has been the same. Whenever I return home from somewhere, Mom barricades herself in her bed room, and Dad prepares an attack. We never avoid each other's territory, because that would mean victory for te other. Our regular routine is tossing a few verbal bombs at each other when our paths cross, and all this fighting ends with them labeling me as a sl**, and me calling them the worse parents!
+I'm sick and tired of all this, I think the best way out is for me to either to run away from this place, or take my away life and make everyone happy! It seems like the only logic way out of things!
+Chrissie
+October 12th 1999
+Dear Diary,
+What a wicked party last night!! It was so much fun, there was nothing big that happened, just the same old stuff, drugs, booze and you know what!! The guys that were there were all over me, they seemed pretty happy when they all got what they wanted. I mush have slept with three guys last night. 
+God, why do I have to be this way, why can't I be like all the other girls, and get decent guys that what a relationship, not just sex?? I can't do anything right, I wish everything was different!! 
+Chrisse
+October 16th 1999
+Dear Diary,
+You never guess what happened to me? It just made my life so much better, I just received a call from the hospital, and they told me that I am infected with the HIV virus. It all started with the first guy that I slept with Jamie Thomson. It only happened once, but then I kept doing it, more and more, except with everyone else. Nothing should make a difference to me know. Why shouldn't I live up to all the names that my father calls me! I went to the hospital on Saturday, with my boyfriend Jesse , he came to give me moral support. We were both really scared, so I made up a false age and name It's not that hard to do this, because I look much older than I really am. I really fooled the doctors when I said that I was Amy Jefferson, age 18!
+How could I have let myself.... or let me father have so much control over my thoughts and actions. It's all his fault!! I hate him, I'm going to die because of him. I wish he would have this cursive disease, not me. I'm only 13, I don't want to die. It's going to be so embarrassing having to phone all those guys, explaining to them that I have HIV's and that they should go get tested. It is mine as well if I was dead!! I'm going to die anyway!! That's it! I'm going to get this over and done with now. !! I'm going to do it tonight, and I'll make it look like nothing happened. I'll make it look like I ran away, when really I'm on he bottom of some cliff out side of town. They probably won't even know that I'm missing, until someone finds my body. I hate my life all the hating is going to end tonight!!
+Lost, and confused
+Chrissie 
+Chrissie
+<br><br>
+Words: 1206

HW11/corpus/bwa65.txt

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+
+In my opinion theme with the most impact in 'To Kill a Mockingbird is Hypocrisy as shown in three main incidents . These are the teachings of Ms Gates about the atrocities of Adolf Hitler whilst she hated blacks ; the missionary circle trying to show how Christian they are while believing that to be a brother of Christ you must be white and finally the hypocrisy of the American court system in the 30's by saying they stand for justice.
+In Ms Gates' classroom we read about her teaching her class that the Jews are being persecuted against by the Nazi's. According to Ms. Gates this is un Christian and she finds these actions despicable. The hypocrisy of this teaching is shown as soon as she mentions the word 'persecution'.This is due to the fact that she herself is persecuting the black people of Maycomb by not raising an eyebrow to the killing of an innocent black man. This lady shows her blindness to the racial problems of the Deep South ( where she lives ) but feels a lot of empathy for the Jews who are being mistreated and slaughtered in Germany ( many thousands of miles away ) . 
+The missionary circles in the 1930's working in the south of America show the two faced nature of white citizens several times in each meeting . One strong example that springs to mind is Mrs Mariweathers positive comments about a Christian explorer in Africa helping the evil savages see the light of Jesus Christ whilst on the other hand she condemns Attacus for helping an innocent Negro . These so called Christian women safely say well done to a man helping African black people ( who were happy with their lives in the first place ) but if anyone should help out a black person anywhere near them it then becomes 'Nigger loving' and should be condemned by all within the community. It creates a double standard by showing that as long as racial problems do not involve them directly they can be tolerant.
+The American Courts of the 1930's were also hypocritical.Truth and Justice were held as the most basic right for Americans. Truth in the Tom Robinson case was never a factor. The white jury knew that Bob Ewell had beaten and raped his daughter Mayaella Ewell and that Tom was innocent .But because a human being had more colour pigment in their skin it was assumed they would be guilty without question ,so truth was never a factor .Justice also the pride of the American legal system in the past ,and now but once again in the Tom Robinson trial ,no matter how much evidence was presented in favour of Tom to prove his innocence, justice wasn't done because Tom had more pigment in his skin than the jurors thereby he was assumed to be guilty.
+In my opinion members of the Maycomb community are trying to fool themselves into believing that they are model citizens and good Christians, even though a small number amongst them know that they are wrong to persecute and hate due to colour . Hypocrisy and racism were as much a part of Maycomb society as church and community spirit.
+<br><br>
+Words: 540

HW11/corpus/bwa67.txt

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+
+Treasure Island
+The title of this book is Treasure Island. It is written by Robert Lewis Stevenson and takes place mainly on Treasure Island. There were many characters in this story but the most substantial were; Jim Hawkins the cabin boy/narrator; Long John Silver the captain; David Livesey the ships doctor; Pew the blind-beggar; and John Trelawney the owner of the ship.
+After the Captain had died from an overdose of Rum, Dr. Livesey looked through the Captain’s coat and there he found a book. Later Dr. Livesey, Jim, and the squire looked through the book the doctor had found, the doctor opened the seals with great care, and there fell out the map of an island. It had the latitude and longitude, soundings, names of hills, bays, and inlets, and every detail that would be needed to bring a ship to a safe anchorage upon the island. “In three weeks time Hawkins shall come as cabin boy. You, Livesey, are ship's doctor; I am admiral.” The ship was already bought and fitted. It lied at anchor, ready for sea. The two hundred-ton ship was named Hispaniola. They were ready to go treasure hunting.
+Well since they didn’t have a Captain they had to find someone they knew was an experienced sailor-man, and above all, they could trust. So they told Jim where he could find a man of that caliber by the name of Long John Silver. When Jim reached his destination he looked around and found some one that he thought met the description of a sailor. He went up to the man and said, “Long John”? The man replied. It happened to be the person Jim was looking for. So Jim told him the plan about the treasure hunt. Long John wasn’t too thrilled about the idea of treasure hunting (since he had had bad experiences treasure hunting), but he agreed to it any ways. The voyage was long but the crew proved them self’s worthy. As they steadily approached the island Jim was feeling sick, he said to himself “perhaps it was the look of the island with its gray, melancholy woods, and wild stone spires, and the surf that I could see and hear foaming and thundering on the steep beach. Although the sun shone bright and hot, and the shore birds were fishing and crying all around them, you would have thought anyone would have been glad to get to land after being so long at sea, Jim’s heart sank, as the saying is, into my boots; and from the first look onward, he hated the very thought of Treasure Island. “ Out, lads, out, and fight 'em in the open! Cutlasses! cried the captain. Round the house, lads! Round the house! cried the captain. “And yet, in this breath of time, the fight was over and the victory was ours.” These words were spoken during the brutal fight between the pirates and the crew of the Hispaniola while on the island.
+The climax was when the crew aboard the Hispaniola finally found the treasure in a secluded location as the map had stated. In the treasure there were many different things such as. English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Georges, and Louises, doubloons and double guineas and moidores and sequins, the pictures of all the kings of Europe for the last hundred years. Strange Oriental pieces stamped with what looked like wisps of string or bits of spider's web. Round pieces and square pieces, and pieces bored through the middle, as if to wear them round your neck -- nearly every variety of money in the world must, I think, have found a place in that collection. Well, to make a long story short, they got a few hands on board, made a good cruise home, and the Hispaniola reached Bristol. Five men only of those who had sailed returned with her. Drink and the devil had done for the rest. All the men had a sufficient share of treasure. Nothing would bring Jim back to that accursed island; and the worst dreams that he’ll ever have are when he hears the surf booming about its coasts or start upright in his bed with the sharp voice of Captain Flint still ringing in his ears: Pieces of eight! Pieces of eight!
+This book, I think, is the worst book I have ever read. I could barely understand the writing. It was extremely dull. I came to the point to where I nearly stopped reading the book entirely. I would not recommend this book to any peer for the reasons stated above.
+<br><br>
+Words: 766

HW11/corpus/bwa71.txt

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+
+tuesdays with morre is a sad story. It is about a friendsip beetween a college 
+professor and his student. When Mitch went to college at Brandeis University he had a
+college professor name Morrie Schwartz. Though the four years that Mitch went to 
+college they became really good friends. Mitch asked Mr.Morrie if he could be his mentor.
+To Teach him all of the things life had to offer. After Mitch graduated 
+from college they agreed to stay in touch. Mitch got a great job offer to be a sports
+columnist in Detroit, so he took it. Well time went by and they called each other every so
+often, but after awhile Mitch was much to busy with work that he lost touch with Mr. Morrie.
+He thought about him every once in awhile but never called or wrote him. One
+night when he was watching television he saw Mr. Morrie on nightline. That night he
+learned that Mr. Morrie had Lou Gehrig's disease. After Mitch heard about his illness he called
+him. Mr. Morrie was glad to hear from Mitch. He told him that he had a lot of 
+things he wanted to discus with him before he died. It was a class and he was the 
+only student. the class met on Tuesdays. It began after breakfast. The subject was the meaning of life.
+It was taught with experience. No grades were given, but there were oral exams each week.
+He was expected to respond to questions, and you were expected to pose questions of your
+own. No books were required, yet many topics were coverd, including love, work, community, family, aging,
+forgiveness, and, finally, death. The last lecture was brief, only a few words. a funeral
+was held in lieu of graduation. Although no final exam was given, you were expected to produce one 
+long paper on what you learned. The last class of Mr.Morries class had only one student, which was Mitch. 
+<br><br>
+Words: 326

HW11/corpus/bwa72.txt

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+
+Trouble River
+Author: Betsy Byars
+It was a cool summer evening, and Dewey's grandmother sat in her rocking chair on the porch. She was thinking to herself its getting dark I better call that boy in. So she got up form her chair and called Deweeee Deweeee. There was no answer so she decided to go get him herself. She walked down to the woods edge and called for him once again. Dewey answered, then Dewey and his dog came running back up the hill. Then together then they walked back to the house. When in the house Dewey's grandmother asked him what he was doing down there in the woods. He reluctantly told her he was building a raft cause he knew she would disagree with him doing that.
+That night Dewey was planning on sneaking out to work on his raft. So later that night he walked over to the door pulled up the bar, and went out to the river. From the river he had a clear view of the house. While down at the river he kept making sure he was keeping an eye on the door, since it wasn't barred shut. Then after a little time passed Dewey noticed there was a man slowly creeping up to the house. Dewey could see it was an Indian. So Dewey and his dog ran up the hill, and tried to creep up to the house. When the Indian was about to open the door, Dewey knew he couldn't let the Indian get inside. So Dewey and his dog went running up to the house. Dewey's dog bit the Indian and hung on to his skin the Indian shook him wildly till he fell off. The Indian whacked the dog on the back of his leg with his hatchet then the Indian ran away.
+Dewey ran inside and got his grandmother telling her that he had seen an Indian. She said there is never just one Indian there is always a group. She said they were gonna die if they didn't get out of there. So Dewey said I have an idea instead of staying here and getting scalped lets go down to the river and ride my raft down river. We can get out at the Dargans house then we can wait there and meet up with his ma and pa before they come back from the city. She was very hesitant but she finally agreed they got all their important possessions and set out for the river.
+When she got to the bank she was surprised how small the boat was. So they got aboard and Dewey started paddeling away from the bank. They both knew it would be a long time till they got to the Dargans place so they sat down and started on their way. The next day in the late afternoon they decided to stop and get off the raft to take a rest. So Dewey pushed the raft to the side till they struck bottom. Then they got out and put a blanket down where they sat and ate a meal of cornmeal and water. After a long nap, they got up and were ready to board the boat when they heard a wolf coming form the brush. It wasn't just one it was a pack. So Dewey picked up the gun fired one shot then ran to the boat. Once they were both on the boat they started back on their trip. 
+Then the next morning they saw the Dargans chimney standing high on the hill. After pulling themselves to shore Dewey ran up to the house but when he got there, there was nothing but a pile of ashes. The house had been burned to the ground all that was left was the stone fireplace. So Dewey ran back to the raft and told his grandmother that the Indians had already gotten to them and burned down the house. So they decided to ride the rest of the river out to Hunter City.
+The next morning Dewey awoke and heard a strange noise his grandmother heard it to. They both knew there was a bunch of rapids upahead. Then once they hit the turn they saw big rapids. They floated in the rapids and were thrown around. Dewey grabbed his dog and held on to him for safety. Dewey started to scream he tasted blood in his mouth because he got a bloody lip. Finally when the rapids were done the water calmed down and they yelled up to the bank for help. Two men came running to the bank to help them. Then they through them a rope and pulled them to shore Once they got to shore they asked if they had seen the Martins. They said, yes there right up ahead, why? They said cause were there grandma and son. So Dewey and his grandmother went ahead and met up with the parents who were coming back from Hunter City and rode the rest of the way home in the wagon. On the way home they explained they crazy ride down Trouble River.
+<br><br>
+Words: 857

HW11/corpus/bwa74.txt

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+
+Up Country
+In his novel Up Country, Alden R. Carter writes about how hard life is for children
+in the adolescent era by portraying the actions off Carl Staggers, a teenager surviving his
+mothers alcoholism and his car radio thief ring gone to disarray. Carl is a tragic hero who
+rambles through this time period by trying to make things right. He is also accompanied
+by characters close to him as the novel progresses.
+Carl is a young man with great hopes and dreams to become an electrical engineer. 
+The problem is that he and his mother are deeply in debt, and Veronica Staggers, Carl’s
+mother, is an alcoholic who is brought home by the cops almost every week. Carl has the
+bright idea to use an opportunity that arose to earn money to go to a good technical college
+and earn a degree in electrical engineering. In this little opportunity, Carl repairs stolen
+stereos that he receives from his partner in crime, changes the serial number, and places
+the stereo into a company box for resale. Although this seems like the perfect crime,
+something goes terribly wrong with his admirable plan and Carl gets busted for the radios
+along with all of the other juveniles helping him. Ironically he was busted for the car audio
+equipment because of his mother who was thrown in a detox center for her alcohol abuse. 
+Therefore, Carl was sent “up country” to stay with his aunt, uncle, and cousin whom he
+hasn’t seen for a little over eight years. That’s when all of the trouble starts, including a
+run in with the local redneck bully and his girlfriend. On a good note while staying with
+his secondary family, he meets a wonderful country girl with whom he ultimately stays with
+instead of going back to live with his mother, who cleans her self up and moves on with her
+life. Carl is sentenced to public work and is basically let off easy on the condition that he
+stay in school and earn that electrical degree.
+The theme of this story is that even the most least likely person can get what they
+long for. Carl had always yearned for a stable family. When he was busted and was forced
+to move in with his aunt and uncle he, at first, dreaded the idea. He was moving in with a
+family he hadn’t seen for eight years! As things moved on, Carl formed a niche in the little
+town of Blind River. He formed a relationship with his new family and found a girl that he
+learned to love. In the novella Up Country, examples of irony, a tragic character, and the
+stereotyped character. Carl’s cousin Bob who shows the traits of the conventional red-neck,
+the buck-tooth, improper English, yokel, where Carl himself shows the typical
+characteristics of the tragic hero. A hero, who through his own choice, was caught up an a
+series of events that invariably results in disaster.
+In my opinion this was a great book for any teenager to read. Most teenagers feel
+that their life is poor, weak, and pathetic, but if only they could take a look at Carl’s life
+they could see how hard life can sometimes be. Carl is an exceptional student who works
+hard for his goals, but he knows he will never reach them because of his home and family.
+Also most adolescents feel they need to take the wrong path to get what they want. Carl
+took the wrong path and he ended up with a good and stable family, a girlfriend, and a
+hope to reach is goal. So I say take the wrong path and maybe you could end up with what
+Carl had.
+All things considered, Carl had an extremely hard life with his alcoholic mother. But as
+you will see, when he got away from her he matured and grew emotionally. He essentially
+got everything he prayed and wished for. Consider this, if you were in Carl’s shoes, what
+would you do? What path would you take?
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+none
+<br><br>
+Words: 679

HW11/corpus/bwa79.txt

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+
+
+Enter sounds of the Twilight Zone 
+Mona: waving the multicolored flashlight. Our setting is a very boring planet in the middle of
+two points in the galaxy. This planet is doomed for destruction by the Galactic Hyperspace
+Planning Council to make way for a hyperspatial express route that will run through our star
+system. This is a special report from The United Relocation Committee in the hopes of preparing
+the majority of the population for the inevitable move to Earth. This report is designed to help
+with synthesizing our Altarian culture to that of the Earth. Earth, as you all know, is the best
+chance for creating homeostatic environment between two cultures, one of which is ours since
+theirs is considered “Mostly Harmless” by some standards. We, as intelligent being on our planet,
+must learn to live by a few of these new social rules that Earth calls “ethics*”.(*said with a bit of
+an accent) We have set up a program so that you may learn Earth customs and “ethics*” along
+with our most veteran space explorer, Lieutenant Dodge de Neon, as he investigates Earth. The
+countries that were selected were not at random. It is quite simple really, The United Relocation
+Committee chose countries that are believed to be the purposed accepting end of about 55.6% of
+all archaic signals that have, for some unknown reason, been noticeable for twenty-three minutes
+on a few old broadcasting channels that are still used to check for intelligent life on other planets. 
+The countries that have sent most of the broadcasting are believed not to need such necessary
+visits as those on the receiving end because all these special broadcasts will be aired every day
+between eight and ten d.m. in the hopes of teaching everyone all about these countries with least
+amount of Altarian tax dollars being spent. 
+Focus in on the small car arriving in country a.
+Here is our spatial habitual machine carrying Lieutenant de Neon to Earth. The first country on
+our list is Pakistan. Oh, dear. The lieutenant is coming in too fast!!!! Here on our screens in the
+studio I see that it is predicted that the Habitual machine will hit that big round object hovering
+over the building… The balloon pops and confetti flies. And the habitual machine does as it
+comes to a complete stop.
+Norrenna comes out, throws open the rug, reaches behind her and turns the car into another
+gear and pretends to make Islamic prayer out loud. Brauer comes up to Norrenna and tries to
+speak with her explaining his apology.
+Norrenna: Allah Hu ackbar, Allah hu ackbar….
+Brauer: Sorry that I caused such an accident. 
+Norrenna: As-Saalam… Eid Mubarak
+Brauer. Teach me some of your lanuage please. 
+Norrenna: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem
+Brauer: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem
+Norrenna: Hama-abne-sad-lejeelow.
+Norrenna gives rug to Brauer. As they do this Norrenna places the small souvenir in the rocket.
+And Brauer maneuvers the car up the ferry.
+Mona: I hope all of you learned something. That was a religious prayer performed by almost ¼
+of the Earths population today because of the religious holiday Eidul-ad-haa, or Festival of
+Sacrifice after two months and 10 days of the pilgrimage: Hajj.. Hama-abne-sad-lejeelow is Urdu
+for: take this with you. Urdu is the native language of Pakistan. And here the spatial habitual
+machine is coming to its next stop, Italy, the country that is next on the list.
+The vehicle comes off the ferry and runs by the vines pulling some down with the magnet. 
+Dominik comes out and excited.
+Dominik: wow, you picked grapes. The first person to pick grapes becomes the host for the 
+Cupra Montana Grape Festival, one of the most famous in the region. The occurs on the first 
+Sunday of October. You may keep the grapes so that you can eat on your journey. (translate into
+Italian if at all possible.)
+Brauer: thank you for your cooperation. Good it is not vine though, as I do not like it (say with
+monotone German accent)
+Mona: and the translation for all of that is… (say in English)
+And as the Spatial Habitat continues on its way north it arrives in the last designated country,
+Spain. As the machine comes to a landing on this really big green thing we must prepare for a
+good run. Oh, wait there are people on the big green thing. The machine will try to slow down
+now to lower the risk of hitting the people. (the car knocks the ball into the net) Uh, oh.
+Something was hit. I wonder what it could be.
+Nacho comes out and screaming and yelling very excited 
+Nacho: Wahoo, you won the game for Spain. (shakes hand and jumps some more)
+Congratulations, you just kept France from keeping the World Cup in Football. Now are
+international relations are in tack. For your work you can have the ball, here you are. (in
+spanish if possible)
+Brauer: thank you very much soccer player.
+( the small ball is placed in the rocket and the big one is given to Brauer who places it in the big
+car before fixing the rocket for launch. (nacho must launch the rocket unless brauer can do it
+from inside of the big car. as the rocket is being prepared mona translates 
+Mona: Wahoo, you won the game for Spain. (shakes hand and jumps some more)
+Congratulations, you just kept France from keeping the World Cup in Football. Now are
+international relations are in tack. For your work you can have the ball, here you are. 
+Mona: And now we prepare for the spatial habitual machines return home, oh look at the wonder
+of the famous planet: Damogran in the star system Sol.(Rocket lands)
+Congratulations Lieutenant de Neon, Will you show us these souvenirs that you received? Here
+won’t you place them on this display case? 
+(mona points to a shelf behind her where the globe is. Brauer places the souvenirs there)
+Brauer: I would rather not as I become shy when placed in front of a camera but I will say that
+they are all important for understanding the way of the planet Earth and each one now has high
+sentimental value.
+Mona: okay then. In other news today, How to see the Galaxy for Less than thirty Altarian
+Dollars a day! And the importance of a towel when traveling through TIME.(all)
+<br><br>
+Words: 1062

HW11/corpus/bwa8.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+The Old Man and the Sea is a heroic tale of man's strength pitted against forces he cannot control. It is a story about an old Cuban fisherman and his three-day battle with a giant Marlin. Through the use of three prominent themes; friendship, bravery, and Christianity; the Old Man and the Sea strives to teach important life lessons to the reader while also epitomizing Santiago, the old fisherman, as a Hemingway code hero.
+The relationship between Santiago and the boy is introduced early in the story. They are unlikely companions; one is old and the other young, yet they share an insuperable amount of respect and loyalty for each other. Santiago does not treat Manolin as a young boy but rather as an equal. Age is not a factor in their relationship. Manolin does not even act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive to Santiago's feelings. He even offers to disobey his parents and accompany Santiago on his fishing trips. Santiago is viewed as an outcast in his village because he has not caught any fish for more than eighty-four days and is therefore unlucky. Nonetheless Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him he wants to help his friend. Their conversations are comfortable, like that of two friends who have known each other for a long time. When they speak it is usually about baseball or fishing, the two things they have most in common. Their favorite team is the Yankees and Santiago never loses faith in them even when the star player, Joe DiMaggio is injured with a heel spur. In this way Santiago not only teaches Manolin about fishing but also about important characteristics such as faith. 
+In the story Santiago's bravery is unsurpassed but it is not until he hooks the great fish that we truly see his valor and perseverance. Through Santiago's actions Hemingway teaches the reader about bravery and tenacity in the face of adversity. He demonstrates that even when all is lost and seems hopeless a faith and willful heart will overcome anything. Santiago had lost his luckiness and therefore the respect of his village. Through the description of his cabin we also suspect that Santiago is a widower. Although Santiago has had many troubles he perseveres. He has faith in Manolin, in the Yankees, in Joe DiMaggio, and most importantly in himself. This is perhaps his greatest attribute because without it he would never have had the strength to persevere and defeat the giant Marlin. 
+Faith is not the only thing that drives his perseverance. Santiago also draws upon his past victories for strength. After he hooks the Marlin he frequently recalls his battle with a native in what he calls the hand game. It is not just an arm wrestling victory for him it is a reminder of his youthful days. His recollections of this event usually proceed a favorite dream of his in which he sees many lions on a peaceful shore. These lions represent him when he is young and strong and could overcome any challenge. Although he is an old man and his body is no longer like it used to be his heart is still great and he eventually defeats the Marlin. Santiago's perseverance and bravery are further illustrated when he tries to fight off the sharks. He was a fisherman all his life and therefore he knows that the fate of his catch is inevitable yet he persists to fight the sharks. The battle between him and the sharks is about principles not a mere fish. Santiago is still a great warrior at heart and warriors fight until the end. 
+One of the greatest and most obvious pieces of symbolism in the story is Christianity. From the beginning of the story the reader is shown a unique relationship between Santiago and Manolin. Their relationship parallels that of Christ and his disciples. Manolin is Santiago's disciple and Santiago teaches Manolin about fishing and life. One of the greatest lessons that Santiago gives is that of a simple faith. Have faith in the Yankees my son. This type of faith reflects the basic principles of Christianity. 
+Hemingway's description of Santiago further illustrates Christian symbolism. Hemingway gives a reference to the nail-pierced hands of Christ by stating that Santiago's hands had deep creased scars. Hemingway also parallels Santiago's suffering to that of Christ by stating that he settled …against the wood and took his suffering as it came. Even more profound is the description of Santiago's response when he saw the sharks, just a noise such a man might make, involuntarily feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood. (Page 107) Further symbolism is shown when Santiago arrives home and carries the mast across his shoulders as Christ carried the cross to Calvary. Also, like Christ, Santiago could not bare the weight and collapsed on the road. When he finally reached his cabin he slept face down on the newspapers with his arms out straight and the palms of his hands up. (Page 122) Hemingway puts these themes together in such a way that they do not conflict with each other. He does allow Christianity to be a more dominant theme than the other but instead makes it more symbolic than intentional. He does not smother the relationship between the old man and the young boy but instead separates them for a large part of the story. Finally, he does not make Santiago's bravery a central them by highlighting his weaknesses. In the end the old mans perseverance and faith pay off. He finally gains the respect of the village and succeeds in teaching Manolin the lessons of faith and bravery.
+In Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, one will find many examples in which the main character, Santiago, surpasses many hardships while being courageous, brave, and being a friend. Each of these: courage, bravery, and friendship, are qualities in a Hemingway code hero.
+<br><br>
+Words: 998

HW11/corpus/bwa81.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
+Upton Sinclair's The Jungle is the tale of a Lithuanian immigrant, Jurgis Rudkus, and his family. Jurgis and his family move to the United States in the middle of the Industrial Revolution, only to find themselves ill-equipped for the transition in the workplace and in society in general. Jurgis faces countless social injustices, and through a series of such interactions, the theme of the book is revealed: the support of socialism over capitalism as an economic and social structure.
+Jurgis learns soon after transplanting his family that he alone cannot earn enough to support his entire family, in spite of the intensity of his valiant efforts to work harder. Soon his wife and the rest of his family are working as well, all attempting to chip in to cover family expenses. However, such exposure proves itself to be too dangerous and detrimental to the Rudkuses. Jurgis becomes hardened by his negative experiences as he realizes that, in a capitalist society like the one he was living in, there is no justice. Hard work is not justly rewarded, and often times corruption is rewarded in its place. Through and through, he sees that capitalist life is not fair. Soon he is injured on the job and is forced to stay home and out of work while his mangled foot heals.
+Jurgis is sidelined from work for two months, and upon his return he finds himself replaced by another worker. Desperate for a job, he takes a dreaded position at the glue factory. Hi wife is pregnant, his family is working themselves to the breaking point, and the bills are getting the best of them. Jurgis turns to drinking. Things get worse. He learns that his wife has been forced to have sex with her boss. Jurgis, in a rage, attacks the man at the Packing house and is arrested for battery. He spends a month in jail, at which time he meets Jack Duane, a character who introduces him to the easy life: a life of crime. Within a month of the time Jurgis gets out of jail, everyone has lost their jobs and the house they struggled so hard to keep is lost.
+Soon Ona is having a child, and because of the lack of funds to pay for proper care for her, both she and the child die in labor. His son drowns, many family members have died and the remainder are scattered with no semblance of the family they once were. Jurgis takes to the country to become a tramp, but as winter approaches he knows he must return to the city - to the jungle - once again.
+Jurgis becomes a beggar and a vagrant. After receiving $100 dollars from Freddie Jones, the son of rich Old Man Jones, he goes into a bar to get change and gets into another altercation, this time with the bartender, and is again arrested. Soon he turns to Jack Duane to enter the life of crime he had foreshadowed. Isolated from any remainders of his family, he begins to live the easy life of shortcuts and crooked paths. However, another chance encounter with Connor, his wife's boss and seducer, brings out his true self again, the man who stands up for his moral convictions, even when it harms him to do so. After beating the man again, he is arrested and jumps bail. By pure luck he wanders into a socialist meeting while looking for food and/or a place to sleep. There his life begins a change in earnest.
+He learns at that meeting what the working class can do to make a difference. Soon after he reunites with his daughter, Marjia, a drug-addicted prostitue struggling to support the family's remains. The story closes with a happy socialist ending: Jurgis gets a job at a hotel run by socialists and seals his fate. He goes on to become an avid socialist and he, the fighter, and Marjia, the victim, pick up the pieces of their lives to make everything better.
+I feel that this book is a ridiculously oversimplified look at socialism and a very sinister look at capitalism. While I applaud Sinclair's efforts to illustrate the injustices of capitalism, socialism does not hold the simple solution to everything like it seemingly did for Jurgis in The Jungle. In truth, corruption can be found in any and every type of economic and social-political structure in existence ever throughout history and in the future. A solution to this problem? I can't answer that one, but I know this much: socialism is not the easy answer he makes it out to be.
+<br><br>
+Words: 775

HW11/corpus/ckh80.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+The sun was setting. Far to the east, threatening black clouds arose
+from the fumes of pollution from the several smoke stacks towering over the
+city. The streets were pock marked and dented with the recent shower of
+acid rain. Hot boiling steam from the sewers made the temperature of day
+much hotter than it really was. Just outside the borders of the city is a
+lake covered with muck and crude oil spills. Death and despair floated
+aimlessly on the surface of the unhospitable body of water. Corpses of dead
+fish, seagulls... bobbed just under the rim of the black slime. The black
+slime sensing fresh prey, extended it's corrupt and revolting tendrils
+farther...until it caught another unsuspecting victim, choking and
+engulfing, destroying, leaving just another emtpy shell behind, devoid of
+any life.
+Night set in, the stars were obscured by thick blankets of smoke. The
+day was done. Stores got ready to lock up and street lights were turned on
+to aid the bread winners, so they may travel safely. Few were fortunate
+enough to own automobiles so they could avoid the cold dangerous streets
+and dark alleyways. Most shops were already abandoned, finished for the
+day. Yet few doors were still open, desperate for any last minute
+customers. One such shopkeeper was Phil Anderson. Anderson had worked as
+a pharmacist for most of his life. At forty, he had little to show for.
+The pollution that caused the gradual decay of the city had had negative
+effects on business, as well as the environment. Phil, though by all means
+not an old man, showed signs of premature aging. His skin was pale and
+dry, wrinkled by the everyday punishment of the deteriorating sorroundings.
+Few strands of grayish white hair lined his almost bald, dandruff infested
+scalp. Looking at Phil with his characteristic limp, slouched posture and
+bulging belly one might think him an extremely unathletic person. But then
+again it was not entirely his fault. His eyes were red and bloodshot, the
+glasses he wore only made these features more obvious.
+With shaking skinny hands, Phil slowly put away the last of the items
+on top of the counter. Finally done, he flicked off the lights and
+rummaged through his pockets for his keys. Looking one last time to make
+sure the shop was in order, Phil locked up the store and left. He failed t
+o notice a dark shadow spying on him as he counted the bills he had earned
+today, and put it away into his black leather wallet. The tall dark figure
+studied the pharmacist a while longer before trailing him. The narrow
+dirty street smelled of weeks old garbage and animal wastes. Smog was
+still thick in the air causing him to cough repeatedly. He stopped for a
+moment to catch his breath. Remembering his air filter in his pocket, Phil
+gingerly took it out and put it on. Feeling much better Phil continued
+down the street, heaving a sigh of relief.
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+none
+<br><br>
+Words: 501

HW11/corpus/ecu201.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+
+Barrett
+Great Books 1
+Dr. Carcache
+11 December 2000
+The Pardoner's Tale: Deception and Foolishness
+There are several types of foolishness being described in the Pardoner's Tale itself. He describes gluttony in general, then specifically wine. He talks of gambling, taking bets and the like, and of swearing. The beginning of his tale describes three fools who go foolishly seeking death, then find it in a large amount of gold. Deception is another topic addressed by the Pardoner. He comes right out and says he is a con artist, and that he is out to take people's money. In his tale, deception by the rioters leads to the death of all three. These are good points, but there is another deception the Pardoner plays, and gets caught. His tale is a direct chastisement of the host, Harry Bailey, who is not pleased by this. As a whole, Chaucer effectively uses this character of the Pardoner to point out some of the more foolish and deceptive aspects of other characters in the tales as well. 
+In the beginning, the narrator describes the Pardoner in some quite undesirable terms. The Pardoner represents the ugly truth. The Knight is grand, the Wife is pretty, but the Pardoner is downright ugly. He is also the only pilgrim to acknowledge his shortcomings. He knows he is a con artist and a liar, and in his tale's prologue he freely admits this in both words and actions. The Pardoner then proceeds with the tale itself, which is a deception as well. In his tale he describes gluttony in detail and defines it as not just overeating, but the intense pleasure of doing so. He also denounces wine with graphic examples of drunkenness. He discusses the negative merits of swearing and cursing. Then, he closes the tale itself with a condemnation of gambling.
+There are several things going on here. The first, and most obvious hypocrisy is before telling this tale, the Pardoner insisted on stopping at an inn for food and beer. He is also a participant in a bet: he who tells the best story wins. However, there is another level. This tale is a retaliation against the host, who just before asking the Pardoner to speak had been cursing and talking about using beer as medicine to mend his broken heart. It can be suspected that the host is drunk, as well. Several things from the tale upset the host. He is the owner of a tavern, encouraging food and drink. He himself likes to partake of these things. He also swears often, and from the General Prologue, we know the host was the one to propose the storytelling game in the first place. So, at the end of the Pardoner's Tale, when the Pardoner suggests, …our Host shall begin, for he’s the man enveloped most by sin (1585.457-458), it is in direct response to the insult the host made at the beginning of the Pardoner’s tale. This nearly starts a physical fight, but the Knight steps in to stop any further confrontation. The Pardoner's tale may have been aimed at the host, but it also describes much of the rest of the pilgrimage. After all, the group met at a tavern, they agreed to this storytelling game or bet, and some of them have been drunk for much of the trip thus far. Indeed, the sins listed in the tale do seem to apply to most of the characters. In this way, he seems to be telling the truth in some way in regards to everyone. The Prioress and Monk like their food, the Miller likes his ale, the Wife of Bath likes her money, and so on. What sets him aside is he does admit this himself. He admits in his Prologue to being a con artist and always willing to have a drink. 
+The Pardoner is possibly the epitome of the “ugly truth” about people. Truth is sexless and has some charming characteristics, but when used as a reflection of one's self, most people do not like what they see. The Pardoner offers his listeners a chance to redeem themselves. Not through his relics, but by acknowledging these undesirable aspects in their own selves. It seems at the end of his tale the Pardoner is hawking his relics as redemption, even though he knows they are fake. He also realizes everyone else knows they are fake. Did he forget this fact? It does not seem reasonable for a person so quick of wit (as evidenced in the introduction to The Pardoner's Tale) should forget so suddenly. It does make sense, however, for him to use this opportunity to thumb his nose. Not only does he thumb his nose at the host, but also to everyone else. This passage is very cynical, as when the Pardoner offers to give pardons as they ride; …have a new, fresh pardon if you like at the end of every mile of road we strike… (1585.444-445). If the other travelers fall for his relics trick, they are fools. A fool and his money are easily parted (thus bringing up the Pardoner’s tendency to be a con artist). Does the Pardoner as a character know this? In his prologue, he offers just enough information to allow him to use his wits and speech to attack a person in his tale who has offended him earlier in the journey. The Pardoner is not an example of what a good person should be, and he knows this. While he preaches salvation and redemption, he is honest with the group about being in it for the perks. What sets him aside from the other pilgrims and their tales is he knows and admits this. He is a scoundrel, he is a con artist, and he is a thief of sorts. No one likes him and he finds it hard to like himself. In his Prologue, he makes it clear that his intention, when preaching to the masses, is to win money. He intentionally tells stories to emphasize money as the root of all evil (Radix malorum est cupiditas), and his tale shows this trait well. Since he has already told them his secret, this tale is for their enjoyment, and to satisfy his part of the bet. 
+The story he tells of the rioters and Death is interesting to analyze as well. It is fairly easy to remember the plot and the consequences. It emphasizes making and breaking promises, greed, ill will towards others, and the consequences of these actions. The Pardoner's reason for using this story is to encourage ignorant people to not want their money. After the story, he gives them the opportunity to not just get rid of it, but to get something else as well--absolution for their sins. Regardless of his intentions, he must occasionally accomplish a good work, but he really doesn't care. He's in it for the money. 
+Chaucer has created in the Pardoner a very complicated character. He is ugly, honest to the point of being rude, sensitive to insult but not empathic, very intelligent, and well aware of his situation. The Pardoner knows he would be a common laborer without those papal bulls. He knows the text he is preaching and is aware of its effects on the uneducated, but he doesn't believe it. He preaches salvation and redemption, but sees through it. He can offer his relics to the masses, but who pardons the Pardoner? In many ways he is a very modern character--disillusioned with religion, using what means he has to make as much money as he can, trying to attain a higher rank in life. Sounds to me like how a lot of us act (me included) much of the time.
+<br><br>
+Words: 1292

HW11/corpus/edo14.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+Every man put on trial is considered innocent until proven guilty. In 12 Angry Men this theory can almost be considered false to the jurors involved in this murder case. But one man can be credited with sticking to the innocent until proven guilty theory that most likely saved a man’s life. This juror must show 11 other jurors that he can prove with enough valid evidence that this boy is be wrongfully accused of killing his father. Reginald Rose shows us how that one mans integrity can prove to make a big difference in a kid’s life.
+Juror #8 can be credited with saving someone’s life. Under intense and hostile scrutiny juror #8 is the only juror to vote not guilty on the stabbing death of a boy’s father. #8 doesn’t believe straight out that this boy is innocent of this crime. #8 believes that it would wrong to send a boy off to be executed without discussing it first. 
+Jurors #3 and #10 are the most hostile of the jurors. They believe deep down that this boy killed his father. They believe that everything they heard in the courtroom holds true and they don’t really want to see this kid live any longer. Juror #8 still had reasonable doubt about the murder. He doesn’t want to vote guilty until he has enough evidence that this boy did indeed kill his father. 
+Many different points are made about the boy who supposedly stabbed his father, that are cross examined well by juror #8 who still stands alone at not guilty. All of the evidence that the 11 jurors found contains flaws in them. For instance the woman who supposedly witnessed the stabbing wasn’t wearing her glasses. Also the stab wound in the boys father was made so that a taller man or boy could have made that type of wound with a switchblade knife. When these key pieces of evidence becomes clearer to the 11 jurors we start to see jurors questioning there own guilty vote. #9 is the second juror to vote guilty, because he too has some reasonable doubt. As more evidence is put on the table the 12 jurors come together and decide that this boy is innocent. 
+In conclusion, juror #8 believes that every person is innocent until proven guilty. He was given many pieces of key evidence that showed this boys guilt but the evidence was examined carefully, and as more evidence was put out more jurors believed this boy was indeed innocent bringing them all together to believe this boys innocence
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+don't got one
+<br><br>
+Words: 428

HW11/corpus/edo26.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
+“Nineteen Eighty Four” – Fictional World
+In English this semester we have studied three different texts. All three texts were based on original, fictional worlds. The fictional world which stood out above the rest and really amazed me would have to be ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was the most realistic out of the three. While reading the novel you really get into the fictional world and think like the main character Winston Smith. Three aspects of the text which made this world so interesting to study were The Inner Party, Big Brother, and the Thought Police. Each of these interesting aspects in Nineteen Eighty Four play a great part in the novel itself and the way the fictional world works.
+The Inner Party played a huge role in creating the fascinating world in ‘Nineteen Eighty Four’. The Inner Party was in charge of Airstrip1 and wanted to be superior over everyone. They wanted the party to be the people’s first loyalty over anything else. They didn’t allow marriage or even sex for this was an act of loyalty between two people and not to the party. An example of this is when Winston and Julia were caught having a sexual relationship and were taken away by the Thought Police. They were then made to betray eachother, love the Party, and to believe what ever the party said was true. The Party had control over everything even peoples minds. This was proved when O ‘ Brien held up four fingers and said to Winston “how many fingers am I holding up?” Winston replied “Five”.
+Big Brother also played a big role in creating the world which ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ was based in. Big Brother is a figure, which the Party has created to frighten people and give them more power. The Party can do anything they like and when someone questions them they can just say there under orders from Big Brother. Big Brother is everywhere in every house (except proles), every street, wall, and he is always shouting out “BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU” the text which backs this up is when Winston describes that ‘On each landing, opposite the lift shaft the poster with enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures, which are so conceived that the eyes follow you about when you move’. Big Brother is so important to the world in the novel because the figure stops thought crime, gives the people someone to look up to and someone to love, lets the Party tell the people anything they want and the people will believe it, such as propaganda. An example is when the party say ‘Oceania is at war with Eurasia, Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia’. The people automatically believe this.
+Newspeak is the official language of Oceania. It is supposed to take over common English in the year 2050. Newspeak is another important aspect in the creation of Oceania because it prevents Thought Crime. The purpose of Newspeak is to cancel out words such as ‘rebel’ so that people won’t know the word and therefore if they feel like rebelling against the party they won’t know how to express their feelings. The compiler of the Newspeak dictionary Syme says “Don’t you see that the whole aim of newspeak is to narrow the range of thoughts which in the end we shall make thought crime literally impossible”. Newspeak will also cut out words that have no use such as excellent or superb which are all different meanings of the word good, or double plus good instead of having all different words meaning the same thing. Syme said to Winston “were cutting the language down to the bone”. He then said, “the purpose of the Newspeak Dictionary is to reduce the vocabulary so that even the concept of rebellion fades away”
+The Inner Party, Big Brother, and Newspeak are all-important aspects of the fictional world in ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ each one of these aspects play an important part in the development of the fascinating world which the author George Orwell has created.
+<br><br>
+Words: 681

HW11/corpus/sra42.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+
+One of the most unique things about the play Hamlet (with Hamlet playing the main character) is the way relationships between the main and lesser characters have not changed from Shakespeare’s time period in which he wrote this play to the modern dilemmas of today. The character Hamlet relates through individualism of self to others in the play and Shakespeare uses this confusion of self and nature thus assuring many types of readers who can relate to his Hamlet characterization. Hamlet portrays himself with all his human flaws, but it is this humanity that makes him distinctive from everyone else in the story. In addition, all of Hamlet’s waking hours are preoccupied with his own thoughts thus adding more intensity to his feelings and perceptions about where he sees imperfections, worry and tension as well as confusion, but without a doubt it is these human qualities which makes his situation so impossible for him to resolve easily. 
+Another tragic role of the play is its irony. The irony allows the storyline to show humor as well as the cause and effects of each action taken. There is usually little reason for a tragedy to be funny so Shakespeare has used this type of humor to add more irony to the already tragic events of the play. 
+Pause for thought is in the types of conflict that play a major part in the play and the relationships between Hamlet and the two people who have been closest to him; being Ophelia and the ghost.
+Hamlet cannot share his strong feelings and emotions with his mother or his girlfriend and while his mother is literally sleeping with the enemy, Ophelia has chosen the side of Claudius because of her father Polonius. It is especially difficult for Hamlet to talk to Ophelia. The only other woman in his life, Gertrude, has betrayed his father by marrying Claudius. Hamlet may be obsessed with the idea that all women are evil, yet he really does love Ophelia because when he finds out Ophelia has died he cries out, I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum.(Act V, Scene 1)
+The ghost provides Hamlet with a dilemma. In Shakespeare's plays supernatural characters are not always to be trusted (think of the three witches in Mac Beth who are instrumental in his downfall). Hamlet does not know whether the ghost is telling the truth or not. If Hamlet had killed Claudius solely on the ghost's advice then he would certainly been tried and put to death himself and there would probably have been a war to choose a new king. Being the humanitarian that he is, and taking into account his responsibilities as a prince and future king, Hamlet most likely would want to avoid a civil war because even though
+Claudius is a murderer and probably not as noble a king as Hamlet's father was yet he is still the king, bringing order to Denmark. Hamlet does not wish to plunge his country into chaos because of his own personal turmoil and realizes this will happen when he kills Claudius. To add to his quandary Hamlet is unable to combine the spiritual world (in the form of his father's ghost) with the tangible everyday world that surrounds him. 
+There is much irony throughout this play. One occurrence of irony I found particularly striking was the fact that Hamlet effectively maneuvers himself into the same position as Claudius. Claudius had attacked and killed a man who did not have the opportunity to defend himself, but when Hamlet kills Polonius is he not guilty of the same? It is intriguing that both Claudius and Hamlet have killed fathers. It is interesting to see how these two completely different characters deal with the same problem in different ways.
+Other interesting parallels I found are the numerous deaths by poison. Claudius murdered Hamlet’s father with poison. In the final act the queen is the first to be poisoned by drinking from Hamlet's cup and then the poisoned tip of Laertes’ sword wounds Hamlet. When they change swords Hamlet gets the upper hand and Laertes is poisoned. After the queen dies Laertes explains everything to Hamlet before he dies and Hamlet then kills Claudius before dying himself. It is ironic that as Claudius is poisoned because of his own plotting, he had already signed his own death warrant when he killed Hamlet's father, which is the first tragic action of the play. There are only three people in this play who don't die by poisoning; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who meet their deaths in England after being outsmarted by Hamlet and the third is Ophelia who drowned.
+There are three types of conflict I can identify in the play: “man versus man”, “man versus nature” and “man versus himself.” Hamlet's fight with Laertes in Ophelia's grave and the subsequent duel would both easily classify as “man versus man” conflict. Man also struggles with nature in this play, most notably in the form of Ophelia's drowning and Hamlet's crossing the sea to England - although the latter conflict plays more of a background role. 
+The “man versus himself” conflict is most directly exposed in Hamlet's famous soliloquy where he is wrestling with his conscience. The realization he comes to in this soliloquy is that we are afraid to kill ourselves because we do not know what is to be found after death. Another “man versus himself” conflict is Claudius' inability to pray. He cannot really justify his past deeds and for him this is actually another step into darkness.
+Hamlet may be a thinking man, however, this does not mean he actually likes to think. Although he might have liked to think in the time preceding the play, when the time comes for him to take action he cannot because of this urge to believe. His capacity for thinking becomes a handicap rather than an advantage and this is not even the most painful or tragic part of the Hamlet character because the biggest problem is that he is aware of this. Not only is he incapable of acting without thinking he knows that this is the case, making the burden even heavier. Hamlet does not want to face reality and it is a traumatic experience for him when he has to believe the words of the ghost, but when the ghost starts demanding him to act on this information is too much for him. 
+Hamlet is, however, a man of decision, but he is also contemplative. He needs to think in order to justify his actions and his intellectual characteristics are the major difference between Claudius and himself. Hamlet is very aware of the relationship between action and reaction and realizes that he has to proceed very carefully. In the play Claudius is the decisive character and the man of action. He takes the first action, the action that sets the story in motion - the poisoning of Hamlet's father. He also instigates the final action, the poisoning of the blades and the cup an action that will backfire and cause his own death. 
+In the play, there seems to be a constant shift of action, where only one party can act at any time. These two parties are of course Hamlet and Claudius. When Claudius has taken the action that secures him the throne he allows Hamlet to become the man of action, but Hamlet procrastinates. The only action Hamlet takes is staging the play, which seems more to serve the purpose of establishing Claudius’s guilt for the murder of Hamlet’s father. Hamlet then proceeds to kill the curious Polonius. 
+Hamlet is given the chance to avenge this most unnatural murder when he sees Claudius praying. Hamlet, being a Christian prince, cannot carry out the act of killing Claudius while he is praying, as this would secure Claudius’s place in heaven. Hamlet wants to make sure Claudius will suffer in the afterlife just as Hamlet’s father did. Hamlet leaves just before Claudius gets up, declaring he cannot pray; My words fly up, my thoughts remain below: Words without thoughts never to heaven go (Claudius, Act III, Scene 3). Had Hamlet known Claudius was unable to pray then he could have had his revenge right then and there instead of waiting until the end, taking everyone else with him. 
+Most of the other characters would probably have acted much quicker than Hamlet if they were in his position. Imagine Polonius in the situation Hamlet found himself in. He would not have procrastinated, as much and it would have most likely been off with the head of the murderer! Any other character in the play would not have stayed as quiet as Hamlet does (confiding only in his best friend, and even keeping the truth from his mother until the end of Act III) and these characters might not have come to killing Claudius. Hamlet does not seem to do anything, again, he thinks too much, but why?
+Hamlet is self-conscious, while the majority of characters that surround him are not and this could explain why he feels inhibited to act. Hamlet resembles a real person more than any other character in the play, which might be another reason why he still remains a subject of discussion and why the play remains so popular. Hamlet is one of the most interesting characters in English fiction because we can identify with him and understand, although not always agree with his actions. 
+Hamlet is also set apart by his elusiveness. Many of the characters in the play can be categorized within minutes of their introduction. I'm not calling them caricatures, but there is definitely a caricature-like side to some of them. The pompous Polonius and the deceitful and thickheaded Guildenstern and Rozencrantz come to my mind, however, this does not hold true for some other characters such as Laertes and Ophelia.
+The character of Hamlet refuses categorization. Interestingly in regard to this is his love of theater. He is particularly interested in the idea that things may seem different from what they really are, just like the people surrounding him. His mother is no longer his father's wife, but his uncle's, his girlfriend is no longer there for him, and Guildenstern and Rosencrantz are no longer his friends. Also, he is aware that he will have to disguise himself and his real motives and goals in order to attain them and this is why he fakes his madness. It is not until he picks up Yorick's skull in the beginning of Act V that he finds out what is real and what is not. In the end when the truth is revealed and everyone's masks are removed, death is all that is to be found. 
+<br><br><b>Bibliography</b><br><br>
+This is about Hamlet's ability to be preoccupied with his own thoughts adding more intensity to the play, HAMLET. It also shows the irony of Shakepeare's humor, showing tragedy in a somewhat humorous way. Tells Hamlet's views toward the other characters in the play, such as Ophelia, Claudius, Polonius, and many extras. This essay can give the reader a true feeling and understanding one of many Shakespeare's wonderous playwrights. Please, go ahead and read there is much more
+<br><br>
+Words: 1800

HW2/HtmlReader.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Queue;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #2
+ * This class contains a method that will read an HTML file and convert it to a Queue of HtmlTags.
+ * It is simply provided as a convenience class for you to use during your testing.
+ * You do not need to submit this code.
+ */
+
+public class HtmlReader {
+	
+	public static Queue<HtmlTag> getTagsFromHtmlFile(String filename) throws IOException {
+	     InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(filename);
+	     StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
+	     int ch;
+	     while ((ch = stream.read()) > 0) {
+	         buffer.append((char) ch);
+	     }
+	     stream.close();
+	     String htmlFileString = buffer.toString();
+	     return HtmlTag.tokenize(htmlFileString);
+	}
+
+}

HW2/HtmlTag.java

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #2
+ * This class represents a single HTML tag.
+ * Please do not change this code! Your solution will be evaluated using this version of the class.
+ */
+
+public class HtmlTag {
+
+    protected final String element;
+    protected final boolean openTag;
+    
+    public HtmlTag(String element, boolean isOpenTag) {
+        this.element = element.toLowerCase();
+        openTag = isOpenTag;
+    }
+    
+    public String getElement() {
+        return element;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isOpenTag() {
+   	return openTag && !isSelfClosing();
+    }
+    
+    public boolean matches(HtmlTag other) {
+        return other != null 
+        	&& element.equalsIgnoreCase(other.element)
+        	&& openTag != other.openTag;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isSelfClosing() {
+        return SELF_CLOSING_TAGS.contains(element);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof HtmlTag) {
+            HtmlTag other = (HtmlTag) obj;
+            return element.equals(other.element)
+            	&& openTag == other.openTag;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    public String toString() {
+        return "<" + (openTag ? "" : "/")
+        	+ (element.equals("!--") ? "!-- --" : element) + ">";
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * The remaining fields and functions are related to HTML file parsing.
+     */
+
+    // a set of tags that don't need to be matched (self-closing)
+    protected static final Set<String> SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = new HashSet<String>(
+            Arrays.asList("!doctype", "!--", "?xml", "xml", "area", "base",
+                          "basefont", "br", "col", "frame", "hr", "img",
+                          "input", "link", "meta", "param"));
+
+    
+    protected static final String WHITESPACE = " \f\n\r\t";
+
+    public static Queue<HtmlTag> tokenize(String text) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(text);
+        Queue<HtmlTag> queue = new LinkedList<HtmlTag>();
+
+        HtmlTag nextTag = nextTag(buf);
+        while (nextTag != null) {
+            queue.add(nextTag);
+            nextTag = nextTag(buf);
+        }
+        return queue;
+    }
+
+    protected static HtmlTag nextTag(StringBuffer buf) {
+        int openBracket = buf.indexOf("<");
+        int closeBracket = buf.indexOf(">");
+        if (openBracket >= 0 && closeBracket > openBracket) {
+            // check for HTML comments: <!-- -->
+        	int commentIndex = openBracket + 4;
+            if (commentIndex <= buf.length()
+            		&& buf.substring(openBracket + 1, commentIndex).equals("!--")) {
+                // look for closing comment tag -->
+                closeBracket = buf.indexOf("-->", commentIndex);
+                if (closeBracket < 0) {
+                    return null;
+                } else {
+                    buf.insert(commentIndex, " ");
+                    closeBracket += 3;    // advance to the closing bracket >
+                }
+            }
+
+            String element = buf.substring(openBracket + 1, closeBracket).trim();
+            // remove attributes
+            for (int i = 0; i < WHITESPACE.length(); i++) {
+                int attributeIndex = element.indexOf(WHITESPACE.charAt(i));
+                if (attributeIndex >= 0) {
+                    element = element.substring(0, attributeIndex);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // determine whether opening or closing tag
+            boolean isOpenTag = true;
+            int checkForClosing = element.indexOf("/");
+            if (checkForClosing == 0) {
+                isOpenTag = false;
+                element = element.substring(1);
+            }
+            element = element.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9!-]+", "");
+            
+            buf.delete(0, closeBracket + 1);
+            return new HtmlTag(element, isOpenTag);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }    
+}

HW2/HtmlValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Stack;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #2
+ * Implement the method below according to the specification in the assignment description.
+ * Please be sure not to change the method signature!
+ */
+
+public class HtmlValidator {
+	public static Stack<HtmlTag> isValidHtml(Queue<HtmlTag> tags) {
+        Stack<HtmlTag> matchedTags = new Stack<HtmlTag>();
+        while(!tags.isEmpty()){
+            HtmlTag tag = tags.remove();
+            if(tag.isSelfClosing()){
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(tag.isOpenTag()){
+               matchedTags.push(tag); 
+            }else{
+                if(matchedTags.isEmpty()){ return null; }
+                if(tag.matches(matchedTags.peek())){
+                    matchedTags.pop();
+                }else{
+                    if( matchedTags.isEmpty() ){ return null; }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return matchedTags;
+	}
+
+}
+

HW2/test1.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<u><b></b><i></i></u>

HW2/test2.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<html><b> bold text <i> italic text </i> oops, forgot to close the rest

HW2/test3.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<b> bold text <i> bold and italic </b> oops, closed bold first </i>

HW2/test4.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<b> some text <i> </i> </b> </b> </html>

HW2/test5.html

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<!-- Valid example from spec -->
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Turtles are cool</title>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
+    <link href="style.css" type="text/css" />
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <p>Turtles swim in the <a href="http://ocean.com/">ocean</a>.</p>
+    <p>Some turtles are over 100 years old.  Here is a picture of a turtle:
+       <img src="images/turtle.jpg" width="100" height="100">
+    </p>
+  </body>
+</html>

HW2/test6.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<!-- Invalid example from spec -->
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Turtles are cool 
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html" />
+    <p>
+    <link href="style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" />
+  </head>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <p>Turtles swim in the <a href="http://ocean.com>ocean</a>.</p>
+    </br>
+    <p>Some turtles are over 100 years old.  Here is a picture of a turtle:
+       <img src="images/turtle.jpg" width="100" height="100"> </p>
+</html>

HW2/test7.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+</b>

HW3/Analyzer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NumberFormatException;
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #3
+ * Implement the methods below according to the specification in the assignment description.
+ * Please be sure not to change the method signatures!
+ */
+public class Analyzer {
+	
+	/*
+	 * Implement this method in Part 1
+	 */
+
+    public static Sentence parseLine(String line){
+
+        int negative = 1;
+        if(line.length() > 0){
+            if(line.charAt(0) == '-'){
+                negative = -1;
+                line = line.substring(1);
+            }
+        }
+        if(line.length() < 3){
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        int rating;
+        try{
+            rating = Integer.parseInt(line.substring(0,1));
+        }catch(NumberFormatException e){
+            return null;
+        }
+        if(-2 > rating || 2 < rating || line.charAt(1) != ' '){
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return new Sentence(rating * negative, line.substring(2));
+
+    }
+
+	public static List<Sentence> readFile(String filename) {
+        List<Sentence> sentences = new LinkedList<Sentence>();
+        if( filename == null ){ return sentences; }
+
+        List<String> lines;
+        try{
+            lines = Files.readAllLines(Paths.get(filename));
+        }catch(IOException e){
+            return sentences;
+        }
+        for(String line : lines){
+            Sentence sentence = parseLine(line);
+            if(sentence == null){
+                continue;
+            }
+            sentences.add(sentence);
+        }
+        return sentences;
+	}
+	public static Set<Word> allWords(List<Sentence> sentences) {
+        Set<Word> words = new LinkedHashSet<Word>(); 
+
+        if(sentences == null){ return words; }
+        if(sentences.size() == 0){ return words; }
+
+        for(Sentence s : sentences){
+            if(s == null){
+                continue;
+            }
+            String[] elements = s.getText().toLowerCase().split(" ");
+            for(int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++){
+                if(elements[i] == null){
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if(!Character.isLetter(elements[i].charAt(0))){
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Word word = new Word(elements[i]);
+                for(int j = i + 1; j < elements.length; j++){
+                    if(elements[j] == null){
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if(elements[i].equals(elements[j])){
+                        word.count++;
+                        elements[j] = null; // Set matching elements to null, should increase performance slightly
+                    }
+                }
+                words.add(word);
+            }
+        }
+        return words;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * Implement this method in Part 3
+	 */
+	public static Map<String, Double> calculateScores(Set<Word> words) {
+        
+        Map<String, Double> scores = new HashMap<String, Double>();
+        if(words == null){
+            return scores; 
+        }
+        if(words.isEmpty()){
+            return scores;
+        }
+        for(Word w : words){
+            if( w == null ){
+                continue;
+            }
+            scores.put(w.getText(),w.calculateScore());
+        }
+        return scores;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * Implement this method in Part 4
+	 */
+	public static double calculateSentenceScore(Map<String, Double> wordScores, String sentence) {
+        double total = 0;
+        int invalidWords = 0;
+
+        if(wordScores == null || sentence == null){
+            return total;
+        }
+        if(wordScores.isEmpty() || sentence.isEmpty()){
+            return total;
+        }
+
+        String[] elements = sentence.toLowerCase().split(" ");
+        for(int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++){
+            if(!Character.isLetter(elements[i].charAt(0))){
+                invalidWords++;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(wordScores.containsKey(elements[i])){
+                total += wordScores.get(elements[i]);
+            }
+            
+        }
+        if(elements.length - invalidWords == 0){ // In case the whole sentence is invalid
+            return 0;
+        }
+		return total / (elements.length - invalidWords); // this line is here only so this code will compile if you don't modify it
+
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * This method is here to help you run your program. Y
+	 * You may modify it as needed.
+	 */
+	public static void main(String[] args) {
+		if (args.length == 0) {
+			System.out.println("Please specify the name of the input file");
+			System.exit(0);
+		}
+		String filename = args[0];
+		System.out.print("Please enter a sentence: ");
+		Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
+		String sentence = in.nextLine();
+		in.close();
+		List<Sentence> sentences = Analyzer.readFile(filename);
+		Set<Word> words = Analyzer.allWords(sentences);
+		Map<String, Double> wordScores = Analyzer.calculateScores(words);
+		double score = Analyzer.calculateSentenceScore(wordScores, sentence);
+		System.out.println("The sentiment score is " + score);
+	}
+}

HW3/Sentence.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+/*
+ * SD2x Homework #3
+ * This class represents a single sentence.
+ * Please do not change this code! Your solution will be evaluated using this version of the class.
+ */
+
+public class Sentence implements Comparable<Sentence> {
+	protected int score;
+	protected String text;
+	
+	public Sentence(int score, String text) {
+		this.score = score;
+		this.text = text;
+	}
+	
+	public int getScore() {
+		return score;
+	}
+	
+	public String getText() {
+		return text;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+		if (this == obj)
+			return true;
+		if (obj == null)
+			return false;
+		if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+			return false;
+		Sentence other = (Sentence) obj;
+		if (score != other.score)
+			return false;
+		if (text == null) {
+			if (other.text != null)
+				return false;
+		} else if (!text.equals(other.text))
+			return false;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int compareTo(Sentence o) {
+		return this.score - o.score;
+	}
+	
+	
+}

HW3/Word.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+
+
+
+
+public class Word implements Comparable<Word> {
+	protected String text;
+	protected int count;
+	protected int total;
+	
+	/*
+	 * Note that this does not set the value or increment the counter.
+	 * It just creates an object with no count and no total so far.
+	 */
+	public Word(String text) {
+		this.text = text;
+		count = 0;
+		total = 0;
+	}
+	
+	public void increaseTotal(int value) {
+		total += value;
+		count++;
+	}
+	
+	public double calculateScore() {
+		if (count == 0) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		return ((double) total) / count;
+	}
+	
+	public int getCount() {
+		return count;
+	}
+	
+	public int getTotal() {
+		return total;
+	}
+	
+	public String getText() {
+		return text;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(Object other) {
+		if (other instanceof Word == false) return false;
+		Word otherWord = (Word)other;
+		return text.equals(otherWord.text);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public int hashCode() {
+		return text.hashCode();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int compareTo(Word o) {
+		return text.compareTo(o.text);
+	}
+}

HW3/test1.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+0 this is a test
+ 

HW3/test2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+2 this is a test
+ 

HW3/test3.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+1 dogs are so cute
+2 testing is boring
+
+ 

HW3/test4.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+-1 dogs are so cute
+-2 testing is boring
+
+ 

HW3/test5.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+testing is boring
+1 dogs are so cute
+
+ 

HW3/test6.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+2
+1 dogs are so cute
+
+ 

HW3/test7.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+9 ignore me
+1 dogs are so cute
+
+ 

HW3/test8.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+0 this is a test
+-1.8 ignore me
+1 dogs are so cute
+
+ 

HW4/BinarySearchTree.java

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public class BinarySearchTree<E extends Comparable<E>> {
+	class Node {
+		E value;
+		Node leftChild = null;
+		Node rightChild = null;
+		Node(E value) {
+			this.value = value;
+		}
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+			if ((obj instanceof BinarySearchTree.Node) == false)
+				return false;
+			@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+			Node other = (BinarySearchTree<E>.Node)obj;
+			return other.value.compareTo(value) == 0 &&
+					other.leftChild == leftChild && other.rightChild == rightChild;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected Node root = null;
+	
+	protected void visit(Node n) {
+		System.out.println(n.value);
+	}
+	
+	public boolean contains(E val) {
+		return contains(root, val);
+	}
+	
+	protected boolean contains(Node n, E val) {
+		if (n == null) return false;
+		
+		if (n.value.equals(val)) {
+			return true;
+		} else if (n.value.compareTo(val) > 0) {
+			return contains(n.leftChild, val);
+		} else {
+			return contains(n.rightChild, val);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public boolean add(E val) {
+		if (root == null) {
+			root = new Node(val);
+			return true;
+		}
+		return add(root, val);
+	}
+	
+	protected boolean add(Node n, E val) {
+		if (n == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		int cmp = val.compareTo(n.value);
+		if (cmp == 0) {
+			return false; // this ensures that the same value does not appear more than once
+		} else if (cmp < 0) {
+			if (n.leftChild == null) {
+				n.leftChild = new Node(val);
+				return true;
+			} else {
+				return add(n.leftChild, val);
+			} 	
+		} else {
+			if (n.rightChild == null) {
+				n.rightChild = new Node(val);
+				return true;
+			} else {
+				return add(n.rightChild, val);
+			} 	
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	public boolean remove(E val) {
+		return remove(root, null, val);
+	}
+	
+	protected boolean remove(Node n, Node parent, E val) {
+		if (n == null) return false;
+
+		if (val.compareTo(n.value) == -1) {
+				return remove(n.leftChild, n, val);
+		} else if (val.compareTo(n.value) == 1) {
+				return remove(n.rightChild, n, val);
+		} else {
+			if (n.leftChild != null && n.rightChild != null){
+				n.value = maxValue(n.leftChild);
+				remove(n.leftChild, n, n.value);
+			} else if (parent == null) {
+				root = n.leftChild != null ? n.leftChild : n.rightChild;
+			} else if (parent.leftChild == n){
+				parent.leftChild = n.leftChild != null ? n.leftChild : n.rightChild;
+			} else {
+				parent.rightChild = n.leftChild != null ? n.leftChild : n.rightChild;
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected E maxValue(Node n) {
+		if (n.rightChild == null) {
+			return n.value;
+	    } else {
+	       return maxValue(n.rightChild);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	
+	/*********************************************
+	 * 
+	 * IMPLEMENT THE METHODS BELOW!
+	 *
+	 *********************************************/
+	
+	
+	// Method #1.
+	public Node findNode(E val) {
+        Node node = this.root; 
+        if(val == null) return null;
+        while(!node.value.equals(val)){
+            if(node.value.compareTo(val) > 0) node = node.leftChild;
+            else node = node.rightChild;
+            if(node == null) return null;
+        }
+        return node;
+
+	}
+	
+	// Method #2.
+	protected int depth(E val) { // Basically the same method as findNode
+        int depth = 0;
+        Node node = this.root; 
+        if(val == null) return -1;
+        while(!node.value.equals(val)){
+            if(node.value.compareTo(val) > 0) node = node.leftChild;
+            else node = node.rightChild;
+            if(node == null) return -1;
+            depth++;
+        }
+        return depth;
+	}
+	
+	// Method #3.
+	protected int height(E val) {
+        int leftHeight, rightHeight;
+        Node node = this.findNode(val); 
+        if(val == null) return -1;
+        if(node == null) return -1;
+
+        if(node.leftChild == null && node.rightChild == null) return 0;
+
+        leftHeight = node.leftChild == null ? 0 : this.height(node.leftChild.value); 
+        rightHeight = node.rightChild == null ? 0 : this.height(node.rightChild.value); 
+		return leftHeight > rightHeight ? leftHeight + 1 : rightHeight + 1; 
+	}
+
+	// Method #4.
+	protected boolean isBalanced(Node n) {	
+        
+        if(n == null) return false;
+        if(this.findNode(n.value) == null) return false;
+
+        int diff = Math.abs(this.height(n.leftChild == null ? null : n.leftChild.value) - this.height(n.rightChild == null ? null : n.rightChild.value));
+        return diff == 0 || diff == 1;
+	}
+	
+	// Method #5. .
+	public boolean isBalanced() {
+        Stack<Node> explored = new Stack<Node>();
+        
+        explored.push(this.root);
+        Node node;
+        while(!explored.isEmpty()){
+            node = explored.pop();
+            if(!this.isBalanced(node)) return false;
+            if(node.leftChild != null){
+                explored.push(node.leftChild);
+            }
+            if(node.rightChild != null){
+                explored.push(node.rightChild);
+            }
+        }
+		return true; 
+	}
+
+}